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Elementary Statistics 11th Edition Robert R. Johnson, Patricia J. Kuby - Solutions

In your own words, explain why the parameter is fixed and the statistic varies.
Is a football jersey number a quantitative or a categorical variable? Support your answer with a detailed explanation.
a. Name two customer-related attribute variables that a newly opened department store might find informative to study. b. Name two customer-related numerical variables that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.
Do you work hard for your money? Java professionals think they do, reporting long working hours at their jobs. Java developers from around the world were surveyed about the number of hours they work weekly. Listed here are the average number of hours worked weekly in various regions of the United
a. Name two customer-related nominal variables that a newly opened department store might find informative to study. b. Name two customer-related ordinal variables that a newly opened department store might find informative to study.
a. Explain why the variable “score” for the home team at a basketball game is discrete. b. Explain why the variable “number of minutes to commute to work” is continuous.
Students are being surveyed about the weight of books and supplies they are carrying as they attend class. a. Identify the variable of interest. b. Identify the type of variable. c. List a few values that might occur in a sample.
A drug manufacturer is interested in the proportion of persons with hypertension (elevated blood pressure) whose condition can be controlled by a new drug the company has developed. A study involving 5000 individuals with hypertension is conducted, and it is found that 80% of the individuals are
The admissions office wants to estimate the cost of textbooks for students at our college. Let the variable x be the total cost of all textbooks purchased by a student this semester. The plan is to randomly identify 100 students and obtain their total textbook costs.The average cost for the 100
A quality-control technician selects assembled parts from an assembly line and records the following information concerning each part: X: defective or non-defective Y: the employee number of the individual who assembled the part Z: the weight of the part a. What is the population? b. Is the
Select 10 students currently enrolled at your college and collect data for these three variables: X: number of courses enrolled in Y: total cost of textbooks and supplies for courses Z: method of payment used for textbooks and supplies a. What is the population? b. Is the population finite or
a. Each of the statistical graphics presented on the first page of this chapter seems to suggest that information is about what population? Is that the case? Justify your answer. b. Describe the information that was collected and used to determine the statistics reported in “Are you fretting
A study was conducted by Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. to measure the adverse side effects of Allegra™, a drug used for the treatment of seasonal allergies. A sample of 679 allergy sufferers in the United States was given 60 mg amounts of the drug twice a day. The patients were to report whether
On the next page is a small sample of the 165 2009 pickup trucks listed on MPGoMatic.com and available to the buying public. Refer to the table for this exercise (1.31) on page 14. a. What was the population from which this sample was taken? b. How many individuals were in the population? In the
Simulates taking a sample of size 10 from a population of 100 college students. Take a sample of size 10. a. What is the population? b. Is the population finite or infinite? c. Name two parameters and give their values. d. What is the sample? e. Name the two corresponding statistics and give their
Identify each of the following as examples of (1) attribute (qualitative) or (2) numerical (quantitative) variables: a. The breaking strength of a given type of string b. The hair color of children auditioning for the musical Annie c. The number of stop signs in towns of fewer than 500 people d.
Identify each of the following as examples of (1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) discrete, or (4) continuous variables: a. A poll of registered voters as to which candidate they support b. The length of time required for a wound to heal when a new medicine is being used c. The number of televisions
Suppose a 12-year-old asked you to explain the difference between a sample and a population. a. What information should your answer include? b. What reasons would you give him or her for why one would take a sample instead of surveying every member of the population?
Suppose a 12-year-old asked you to explain the difference between a statistic and a parameter. a. What information should your answer include? b. What reasons would you give him or her for why one would report the value of a statistic instead of the value of a parameter?
Consumer activist groups for years have encouraged retailers to use unit pricing of products. They argue that food prices, for example, should always be labeled in $/ounce, $/pound, $/gram, $/liter, etc., in addition to $/package, $/can, $/box, $/bottle, etc. Explain why.
Teachers use examinations to measure students’ knowledge about a subject. Explain how “a lack of variability in the students’ scores might indicate that the exam was not a very effective measuring device.”
Simulates sampling from a population of college students. a. Take 10 samples of size 4, keeping track of the sample averages of hours per week that students study. Find the range of these averages by subtracting the lowest average from the highest average. b. Take 10 samples of size 10, keeping
Consider a simple population consisting of only the numbers 1, 2, and 3 (an unlimited number of each).There are nine different samples of size 2 that could be drawn from this population: (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3). a. If the population consists of the
a. What is a sampling frame? b. What did Mr. Clar use for a sampling frame in Example 1.10, page 20? c. Where did the number 1288 come from, and how was it used?
Sheila Jones works for an established marketing research company in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her supervisor just handed her a list of 500 four-digit random numbers extracted from a statistical table of random digits. He told Sheila to conduct a survey by calling 500 Cincinnati residents on the telephone,
Describe in detail how you would select a 4% systematic sample of the adults in a nearby large city in order to complete a survey about a political issue.
Suppose that you have been hired by a group of all sports radio stations to determine the age distribution of their listeners. Describe in detail how you would select a random sample of 2500 from the 35 listening areas involved.
Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs that use up to 75% less energy and last up to 10 times as long. From €œSimple Ways to Save Energy,€a. What two claims are made in the above statement by the New York State Electric and Gas Company? State them in
How might computers help you in statistics?
a. Have you ever heard someone say, “It must be right, that’s what my calculator told me”? Explain why the calculator may or may not have given the correct answer. b. What is meant by the phrase “Garbage-in, garbage-out!” and how have computers increased the probability that studies might
We want to describe the so-called typical student at your college. Describe a variable that measures some characteristic of a student and results in a. Attribute data b. Numerical data
A candidate for a political office claims that he will win the election. A poll is conducted and 35 of 150 voters indicate that they will vote for the candidate, 100 voters indicate that they will vote for his opponent, and 15 voters are undecided. a. What is the population parameter of
A researcher studying consumer buying habits asks every 20th person entering Publix Supermarket how many times per week he or she goes grocery shopping. She then records the answer as T. a. Is T = 3 an example of (1) a sample, (2) a variable, (3) a statistic, (4) a parameter, or (5) a data value?
A researcher studying the attitudes of parents of preschool children interviews a random sample of 50 mothers, each having one preschool child. He asks each mother, “How many times did you compliment your child yesterday?” He records the answer as C. a. Is C = 4 an example of (1) a data value,
Consider the June 8, 2009, USA Today article titled “Credit card delinquencies rise.” a. What is the population? b. Name at least 3 variables that must have been used. c. Classify all the variables of the study as either attribute or numerical.
Harris Interactive conducted an online poll of U.S. adults during August 2008 in anticipation of September being Library Sign-up Month. a. What is the population? b. Name at least 3 variables that must have been used. c. Classify all the variables of the study as either attribute or numerical.
Consider the May 12, 2009, USA Today article titled “Simulated acupuncture eases pain.” a. What is the population? b. What is the sample? c. Is this a judgment sample or a probability sample? d. If this study is a probability sample, what type of sampling method do you think was used?
“Pull Down the Shades,” an article in the July 2009 Good Housekeeping magazine, presented the a. Was this study an experiment or an observational study? b. Identify the parameter of interest. c. Identify the statistic and give its value.
The 700 Club: Barry Bonds played for the San Francisco Giants and near the end of his career was on pace to become baseball's home run king. He joined Hank Aaron and Babe Ruth as the only Major League players to have hit more than 700 home runs in their careers. The graphic below is a look at how
Refer to the graphic €œSetting a Date for Date Night.€a. What group of people were polled? b. How many people were polled? c. What information was obtained from each person? d. Explain the meaning of €œ18% say once every 4€“6 months.€ e. How many
Credit card companies sometimes provide their customers with a year-end summary. The year-end summary provides a comprehensive, easy-to-read report summarizing the transactions into a several categories. Using table on the top of page 44: a. Explain the meaning of the table entries of $64.02 and
Consider the following two sets of data:Both sets have the same mean, which is 50. Compare these measures for both sets: ˆ‘(x - ) , SS(x), and range. Comment on the meaning of these comparisons relative to the distribution.
Fifteen randomly selected college students were asked to state the number of hours they slept the previous night. The resulting data are 5, 6, 6, 8, 7, 7, 9, 5, 4, 8, 11, 6, 7, 8, 7. Find the following: a. Variance s2, using formula (2.5) b. Variance s2, using formula (2.9) c. Standard deviation, s
A random sample of 10 of the 2007 NASCAR drivers produced the following ages:a. Find the range. b. Find the variance. c. Find the standard deviation
Adding (or subtracting) the same number from each value in a set of data does not affect the measures of variability for that set of data.a. Find the variance of this set of annual heating degree-day data: 6017, 6173, 6275, 6350, 6001, 6300.b. Find the variance of this set of data (obtained by
One aspect of the beauty of scenic landscape is its variability. The elevations (feet above sea level) of 12 randomly selected towns in the Finger Lakes Regions of Upstate New York are recorded here.a. Find the mean. b. Find the standard deviation.
Recruits for a police academy were required to undergo a test that measures their exercise capacity. The exercise capacity (in minutes) was obtained for each of 20 recruits:a. Draw a dotplot of the data. b. Find the mean. c. Find the range. d. Find the variance. e. Find the standard deviation. f.
Jackson wants to buy a new golf club, in particular, a driver. He figures buying online will save time and money. He randomly selects a sample of 10 drivers from the Golflink.com website. Their prices are listed below (in dollars):a. Construct a histogram and determine the shape. b. Based on the
Better Roads magazine reported the percentage of interstate and state-owned bridges that were structurally deficient or functionally obsolete (%SD/FO) for each U.S. state in 2003. (Percentages are expressed in decimal form [e.g., 0.20 _ 20%].)a. Construct a histogram. b. Does the variable
One measure of airline performance is on-time arrival rates. For May 2009 the on-time arrival rates of domestic flights for the 19 largest U.S. airlines were as follows:a. Find the range and the standard deviation for the on-time arrival rates. b. Describe the relationship among the distribution of
Consider these two sets of data:Both sets have the same mean, 50. Compare these measures for both sets: SS(x), and range. Comment on the meaning of these comparisons.
A shirt inspector at a clothing factory categorized the last 500 defects as: 67—missing button; 153—bad seam; 258—improperly sized; 22—fabric flaw. Construct a Pareto diagram for this information.
Consider the following two sets of data:Both sets have the same mean, which is 50. Compare these measures for both sets: ˆ‘(x - ) , SS(x), and range. Comment on the meaning of these comparisons relative to the distribution.
Start with =100 and add four x values to make a sample of five data such that: a. s = 0 b. 0 < s < 1 c. 5 < s < 10 d. 20 < s < 30
Each of two samples has a standard deviation of 5. If the two sets of data are made into one set of 10 data values, will the new sample have a standard deviation that is less than, about the same as, or greater than the original standard deviation of 5? Make up two sets of five data values, each
Refer to the table of exam scores in Table 2.16 on page 84 for the following. a. Using the concept of depth, describe the position of 91 in the set of 50 exam scores in two different ways. b. Find P20 and P35 for the exam scores. c. Find P80 and P95 for the exam scores.
Following are the American College Test (ACT) scores attained by the 25 members of a local high school graduating class:a. Draw a dotplot of the ACT scores. b. Using the concept of depth, describe the position of 24 in the set of 25 ACT scores in two different ways. c. Find P5, P10, and P20 for the
The annual salaries (in $100) of the kindergarten and elementary school teachers employed at one of the elementary schools in the local school district are listed here:a. Draw a dotplot of the salaries. b. Using the concept of depth, describe the position of 295 in the set of 18 salaries in two
Fifteen countries were randomly selected from the World Factbook 2009 list of world countries, and the estimated infant mortality per 1000 live births rate was recorded.a. Find the first and third quartiles for the infant mortality per 1000 rate. b. Find the midquartile.
The following data are the yields (in pounds) of hops:a. Find the first and the third quartiles of the yields. b. Find the midquartile. c. Find and explain the percentiles P15, P33, and P90.
Definitions of e-mail spam, or junk e-mail, typically include the idea that the e-mail is unsolicited and sent in bulk. Beginning in the early 1990s the amount of email spam grew steadily until recently, with a total volume of over 100 billion e-mails per day in April 2008. The amount being
A research study of manual dexterity involved determining the time required to complete a task. The time required for each of 40 individuals with disabilities is shown here (data are ranked):a. Find Q1. b. Find Q2. c. Find Q3. d. Find P95. e. Find the 5-number summary. f. Draw the box-and-whisker
Draw a box-and-whiskers display for the set of data with the 5-number summary 42–62–72–82–97.
The U.S. Geological Survey collected atmospheric deposition data in the Rocky Mountains. Part of the sampling process was to determine the concentration of ammonium ions (in percentages). Here are the results from the 52 samples:a. Find Q1. b. Find Q2. c. Find Q3. d. Find the midquartile. e. Find
The NCAA men€™s basketball €œBig Dance€ kicks into full gear every March. But if you look at the graduation rate of these athletes, you€™ll find that many teams don€™t make the grade, according to a study released in March 2009. Listed are the
The fatality rate on the nation€™s highways in 2007 was the lowest since 1994, but these numbers are still mind-boggling. The number of persons killed in motor vehicle traffic crashes, by state including the District of Columbia, in 2007 is listed here.a. Draw a dotplot of fatality
Are airline flight arrivals ever on time? The general public thinks they are always late€”but are they? The Bureau of Transportation keeps records and periodically reports the findings. Listed here are the percentages of on-time arrivals at the 31 major U.S. airports during the month of
Major League Baseball stadiums vary in age, style, number of seats, and many other ways. But to the baseball players, the size of the field is of the utmost importance. Suppose we agree to measure the size of the field by using the distance from home plate to the centerfield fence. Below is the
Henry Cavendish, an English chemist and physicist (1731€“1810), approached many of his experiments using quantitative measurements. He was the first to accurately measure the density of the Earth. Following are 29 measurements (ranked for your convenience) of the density of the Earth done
Find the z-score for test scores of 92 and 63 on a test that has a mean of 72 and a standard deviation of 12.
A study completed by International Communications Research for the Soap and Detergent Association (SDA) lists the item Americans say they would be most willing to give up in order to be able to hire someone to do their spring cleaning. The most popular response was $100 (29%), followed by dining
A sample has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4.0. Find the z-score for each value of x: a. x = 54 b. x = 50 c. x = 59 d. x = 45
An exam produced grades with a mean score of 74.2 and a standard deviation of 11.5. Find the z-score for each test score x: a. x = 54 b. x = 68 c. x = 79 d. x = 93
A nationally administered test has a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. If your standard score on this test was 1.8, what was your test score?
A sample has a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 20.0. Find the value of x that corresponds to each of these standard scores: a. z = 0.0 b. z = 1.2 c. z = -1.4 d. z = 2.05
a. What does it mean to say that x = 152 has a standard score of +1.5? b. What does it mean to say that a particular value of x has a z-score of - 2.1? c. In general, the standard score is a measure of what?
Consider the percentage of interstate and state-owned bridges that were structurally deficient or functionally obsolete (SD/FO) listed in Exercise 2.107 on page 81. a. Omit the names of the states and rank the SD/FO values in ascending order, reading horizontally in each row. b. Construct a
The ACT Assessment® is designed to assess high school students€™ general educational development and their ability to complete college-level work. The table lists the mean and standard deviation of scores attained by the 3,908,557 high school students from the 2006 to 2008 graduating
Which x value has the higher position relative to the set of data from which it comes? A: x = 85, where mean = 72 and standard deviation = 8 B: x = 93, where mean = 87 and standard deviation = 5
Which x value has the lower position relative to the set of data from which it comes? A: x = 28.1, where 25.7and s =1.8 B: x = 39.2, where =34.1 and s = 4.3
What NOT to get them on Valentine€™s Day!a. Draw a bar graph picturing the percentages of €œPresents not wanted.€ b. Draw a Pareto diagram picturing the €œPresents not wanted.€ c. If you want to be 80% sure you did not get your Valentine something
The empirical rule indicates that we can expect to find what proportion of the sample included between the following:
The mean lifetime of a certain tire is 30,000 miles and the standard deviation is 2500 miles. a. If we assume the mileages are normally distributed, approximately what percentage of all such tires will last between 22,500 and 37,500 miles? b. If we assume nothing about the shape of the
The average cleanup time for a crew of a mediumsize firm is 84.0 hours and the standard deviation is 6.8 hours. Assume the empirical rule is appropriate. a. What proportion of the time will it take the cleanup crew 97.6 hours or more to clean the plant? b. Within what interval will the total
a. What proportion of a normal distribution is greater than the mean? b. What proportion is within 1 standard deviation of the mean? c. What proportion is greater than a value that is 1 standard deviation below the mean?
Using the empirical rule, determine the approximate percentage of a normal distribution that is expected to fall within the interval described. a. Less than the mean b. Greater than 1 standard deviation above the mean c. Less than 1 standard deviation above the mean d. Between 1 standard deviation
According to the empirical rule, almost all the data should lie between (- 3s)and (+ 3s) The range accounts for all the data. a. What relationship should hold (approximately) between the standard deviation and the range? b. How can you use the results of part a to estimate the standard
According to Chebyshev’s theorem, what proportion of a distribution will be within k _ 4 standard deviations of the mean?
The final-inspection defect report for assembly line A12 is reported in a Pareto diagram.b. Verify the 30.0% listed for €œScratch.€c. Explain how the €œcum % for bend€ value of 90.7% was obtained and what it means. d. Management has given the production
The scores achieved by students in America make the news often, and all kinds of conclusions are drawn based on these scores. The ACT Assessment is designed to assess high school students’ general educational development and their ability to complete college-level work. One of the categories
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 45% of the 29 million 18- to 24-year-olds in the United States are enrolled in college. To more accurately gauge these young voters, an Edgewood College, Madison, WI, professor conducted a national college on campus survey of 945 18- to
On the first day of class last semester, 50 students were asked for the one-way distance from home to college (to the nearest mile).The resulting data follow:a. Construct a grouped frequency distribution of the data by using 1€“4 as the first class. b. Calculate the mean and the standard
The Labor Department issued the February 2009 state-by-state unemployment report, and it shows continued declines in the job market. These are the February 2009 unemployment rates for the 50 states and DC.a. Construct a histogram. b. Does the histogram suggest an approximately normal
One of the many things the U.S. Census Bureau reports to the public is the increase in population for various geographic areas within the country. The percents of increase in population for the 100 fastest-growing counties with 10,000 or more population in 2008 in the United States from April 1,
Each year, NCAA college football fans like to learn about the up-and-coming freshman class of players. Following are the heights (in inches) of the nation€™s top 100 high school football players for 2009.a. Construct a histogram and one other graph of your choice that display the
Each year, NCAA college football fans like to learn about the size of the players in the current year€™s recruit class. Following are the weights (in pounds) of the nation€™s top 100 high school football players for 2009.a. Construct a histogram and one other graph of your
The empirical rule states that the 1, 2, and 3 standard deviation intervals about the mean will contain 68%, 95%, and 99.7%, respectively. a. Use the computer or calculator commands on page 90 to randomly generate a sample of 100 data from a normal distribution with mean 50 and standard deviation
a. Use the computer commands on page 90 to randomly generate a sample of 100 data from a uniform (nonnormal) distribution that has a low value of 1 and a high value of 10. Construct a histogram using class boundaries of 0 to 11 in increments of 1 (see the commands on pp. 52€“54).
a. Is the graph below a bar graph or a histogram? Explain how you determined your answer.b. The age grouping used in the €œClipping Coupons€ graphic does not lead to a very informative graph. Describe how the age groups might have been formed and how your suggested grouping
Some cleaning jobs are disliked more than others. According to the July 17, 2009, USA Today Snapshot on a survey of women by Consumer Reports National Research Center, the cleaning tasks women dislike the most are presented in the following Pareto diagram.a. How many total women were surveyed? b.

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