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mathematics
statistics
Seeing Through Statistics 4th Edition Jessica M.Utts - Solutions
“If you have borderline high blood pressure, taking magnesium supplements may help Japanese researchers report. Blood pressure fell significantly in subjects who got 400–500 milligrams of magnesium a day for four weeks, but not in those getting a placebo” (USA Weekend, 22–24 May 1998, p.
A study reported in the May 17, 2012, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine followed people for an average of 13 years and found that people who consumed two or more cups of coffee a day were less likely to die during the course of the study than those who drank no coffee. a. Was this study
When Salk measured the results, he divided the babies into three groups based on whether they had low (2510 to 3000 g), medium (3010 to 3500 g), or high (3510 g and over) birth weights. He then compared the infants from the heartbeat and silent nurseries separately within each birth-weight group.
A psychology department is interested in comparing two methods for teaching introductory psychology. Four hundred students plan to enroll for the course at 10:00 a.m., and another 200 plan to enroll for the course at 4:00 p.m. The registrar will allow the department to teach multiple sections at
Suppose you have a choice of two grocery stores in your neighborhood. Because you hate waiting, you want to choose the one for which there is generally a shorter wait in the checkout line. How would you gather information to determine which one is faster? Would it be sufficient to visit each store
Design and carry out a study to test the proposition that men have lower resting pulse rates than women.
Find a news story that discusses a recent study involving statistical methods. Identify the study as either an observational study or a randomized experiment. Comment on how well the simple concepts discussed in this chapter have been applied in the study. Comment on whether the news article,
Suppose that a television network wants to know how daytime television viewers feel about a new soap opera the network is broadcasting. A staff member suggests that just after the show ends they give two phone numbers, one for viewers to call if they like the show and the other to call if they
Suppose a study were to find that drinking coffee raised cholesterol levels. Further, suppose you drink two cups of coffee a day and have a family history of heart problems related to high cholesterol. Pick three of the Seven Critical Components and discuss why knowledge of them would be useful in
Explain why news reports should give the extent or size of the claimed effects or differences from a study instead of just reporting that an effect or difference was found.
In Hypothetical News Article 3 on page 27, what two pieces of data were collected on each dog? For each one, explain whether it was collected separately for each dog or for the dogs as a group.
Holden (1991, p. 934) discusses the methods used to rank high school math performance among various countries. She notes, “According to the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Hungary ranks near the top in 8th-grade math achievement. But by the 12th grade, the
Moore and Notz (2014, p. 25) reported the following contradictory evidence: “The advice columnist Ann Landers once asked her readers, ‘If you had it to do over again, would you have children?’ She received nearly 10,000 responses, almost 70% saying ‘No!’. . . A professional nationwide
An advertisement for a cross- country ski machine, NordicTrack, claimed, “In just 12 weeks, research shows that people who used a Nordic- Track lost an average of 18 pounds.” Explain how each of the following components should have been addressed if the research results are fair and
The April 24, 1997, issue of “UC-Davis Lifestyle Newstips” reported that a pro fessor of veterinary medicine was conducting a study to see if a drug called clomipramine, an anti anxiety medication used for humans, could reduce “ canine aggression toward family members.” The newsletter said,
A prison administration wants to know whether the prisoners think the guards treat them fairly. Explain how each of the following components could be used to produce biased results, versus how each could be used to produce unbiased results: a. Component 2: The researchers who had contact with the
According to Cynthia Crossen (1994, p. 106): “It is a poller’s business to press for an opinion whether people have one or not. ‘ Don’t knows’ are worthless to pollers, whose product is opinion, not ignorance. That’s why so many polls do not even offer a ‘don’t know’
Discuss each of the following components, including whether you think the way it was handled would detract from Salk’s conclusion: a. Component 3 b. Component 4 c. Component 5 d. Component 6
Suppose a tobacco company is planning to fund a telephone survey of attitudes about banning smoking in restaurants. In each of the following phases of the survey, should the company disclose who is funding the study? Explain your answer in each case. a. When respondents answer the phone, before
Suppose a study were to find that twice as many users of nicotine patches quit smoking than non-users. Suppose you are a smoker trying to quit. Which version of an answer to each of the following components would be more compelling evidence for you to try the nicotine patches? Explain. a. Component
Explain how you would design and carry out a study to find out how students at your school feel about an issue of interest to you. Be explicit enough that some-one would actually be able to follow your instructions and implement the study. Be sure to consider each of the Seven Critical Components
Find an example of a statistical study reported in the news for which information about one of the Seven Critical Components is missing. Write two hypothetical reports addressing the missing component that would lead you to two different conclusions about the applicability of the results of the
Give an example of a survey question that is a. Deliberately biased b. Unintentionally biased c. Unnecessarily complex d. Likely to cause respondents to lie
Give three versions of a question to determine whether people think smoking should be completely banned in airports. Word the question to be as follows: a. Version 1: As unbiased as possible b. Version 2: Likely to get people to respond that smoking should be forbidden c. Version 3: Likely to get
Refer to the detailed report labeled as Original Source 13: “2003 CASA National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse VIII: Teens and Parents” on the companion website. a. Locate the questions asked of the teens, in Appendix D. Two questions asked as “open questions” were Question
In 2011 there was a dispute between the Governor of Wisconsin and the teacher’s union about whether teachers should have the right to go on strike. In February of that year, a Rasmussen Poll asked a nationwide sample “Should teachers, fireman and policemen be allowed to go on strike?” a.
Give an example of a survey question that is a. Most appropriately asked as an open question b. Most appropriately asked as a closed question
An advertiser of a certain brand of aspirin (let’s call it Brand B) claims that it is the preferred painkiller for headaches, based on the results of a survey of headache sufferers. The choices given to respondents were: Tylenol, Extra-strength Tylenol, brand B aspirin, Advil. a. Is this an
Explain how “depression” was measured for the research discussed in News Story 19 in the Appendix, “Young romance may lead to depression, study says.”
Read Original Source 4 on the companion website, “Duke Health Briefs: Positive Outlook Linked to Longer Life in Heart Patients.” Explain how the researchers measured “happiness.”
Locate Original Source 11, “Driving impairment due to sleepiness is exacerbated by low alcohol intake.” It is not on the companion website but may be available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740622/pdf/v60p00689.pdf.Find the description of how the
Give an example of a measure that is a. Valid and categorical b. Reliable but biased c. Unbiased but not reliable
Here is a potential survey question: “Do you agree that marijuana should be legal?” a. Explain which one of the seven pitfalls listed in Section 3.2 applies to this question. b. Reword the question so that it avoids the seven pitfalls.
Do you think the crime statistics reported by the police are a valid measure of the amount of crime in a given city? Are they a reliable measure? Discuss.
Specify whether each of the following is a categorical or measurement variable. If you think the variable is ambiguous, discuss why. a. Years of formal education b. Highest level of education completed (grade school, high school, college, higher than college)
Refer to exercises 21 and 22, which asked whether variables were categorical or measurement variables. The variables are repeated below. In each case, if the variable is categorical, specify whether it is ordinal or nominal. If it is a measurement variable, specify whether it is an interval or a
In each case, the measurement is repeated below. Explain whether it is an interval or a ratio variable. a. The number of floors in a building. b. The height of a building measured as precisely as possible. c. The number of words in a book d. The weight of a book. e. A person’s IQ.
Explain whether a variable can be both a. Nominal and ordinal b. Interval and categorical c. Discrete and interval
Explain the difference between a discrete variable and a categorical variable. Give an example of each type.
Here is a potential survey question: “Do you support banning prayers in schools so that teachers have more time to spend teaching?” a. Explain which two of the seven pitfalls listed in Section 3.2 applies to this question. b. Reword the question so that it avoids the seven pitfalls.
Suppose you were to compare two routes to school or work by timing yourself on each route for five days. Suppose the times on one route were (in minutes) 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, and on the other route they were 10, 15, 16, 18, 21. a. The average times for the two routes are 14 minutes and 16 minutes.
Explain how the concept of natural variability would enter into your conclusion about whether or not it could be concluded that the first route is faster, on average, than the second route.
Airlines compute the percentage of flights that are on time to be the percentage that arrive no later than 15 minutes after their scheduled arrival time. Is this a valid measure of on time performance? Is it a reliable measure? Explain.
If each of the following measurements were to be taken on a group of 50 college students (once only for each student), it is unlikely that all 50 of them would yield the same value. In other words, there would be variability in the measurements. In each case, explain whether their values are likely
For each of the following, explain whether their values are likely to differ because of natural variability across time, natural variability across individuals, measurement error, or some combination of these three causes. a. Blood type (A, B, O, AB) b. Actual time when the student’s watch says
Refer to the detailed report labeled as Original Source 13: “2003 CASA National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse VIII: Teens and Parents” on the companion website. Locate the questions asked of the parents, in Appendix E. For each of the following questions explain whether the
Explain whether there is likely to be variability in the following measurements if they were to be taken on 10 consecutive days for the same student. If so, explain whether the variability most likely would be due to natural variability across time, natural variability across individuals,
In Chapter 1, we discussed Lee Salk’s experiment in which he exposed one group of infants to the sound of a heartbeat and compared their weight gain to that of a group not exposed. Do you think it would be easier to discover a difference in weight gain between the group exposed to the heartbeat
Give an example of a characteristic that could be measured as either a discrete or a continuous variable, depending on the types of units used. Exercises 40 to 44 refer to News Story 2, “Research shows women harder hit by hangovers” and Original Source 2, “Development and initial validation
Here is a potential survey question: “Studies have shown that consuming one alcoholic drink daily helps reduce heart disease. How many alcoholic drinks do you consume daily?” a. Explain which two of the seven pitfalls listed in Section 3.2 are most problematic for this question. b. Reword
The measurements in this study were self reported by the participants. Explain the extent to which you think this may systematically have caused the measurements of hangover severity of men or women or both to be biased, and whether that may have affected the conclusions of the study in any way.
Refer to Case Study 2.2, “Flawed Surveys in the Courtroom.” Discuss the study conducted by Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company in the context of the seven pitfalls, listed in Section 3.2 that can be encountered when asking questions in a survey.
Schuman and Presser (1981, p. 277) report a study in which one set of respondents was asked question A, and the other set was asked question B: A. Do you think the United States should forbid public speeches against democracy? B. Do you think the United States should allow public speeches against
Give an example of two questions in which the order in which they are presented would determine whether the responses were likely to be biased.
In February 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton was under investigation for allegedly having had an extramarital affair. A Gallup Poll asked the following two questions: “Do you think most presidents have or have not had extramarital affairs while they were president?” and then “Would you
Measure the heights of five males and five females. Draw a line to scale, starting at the lowest height in your group and ending at the highest height, and mark each male with an M and each female with an F. It should look something like this:Explain exactly how you measured the heights, and then
Design a survey with three questions to measure attitudes toward something of interest to you. Now design a new version by changing just a few words in each question to make it deliberately biased. Choose 20 people to whom you will administer the survey. Put their names in a hat (or a box or a bag)
Find a study that includes an emotion like “depression” or “happiness” as one of the measured variables. Explain how the researchers measured that emotion. Discuss whether the method of measurement is likely to produce valid measurements. Discuss whether the method of measurement is likely
The Sacramento Bee (11 Feb. 2001, p. A20) reported on a Newsweek poll that was based on interviews with 1000 adults, asking questions about a variety of issues. a. What is the margin of error for this poll? b. One of the statements in the news story was “ a margin of error of plus or minus three
In the March 8, 1994, edition of the Scotsman, a newspaper published in Edinburgh, Scotland, a headline read, “Reform study finds fear over schools.” The article described a survey of 200 parents who had been asked about proposed education reforms and indicated that most parents felt uninformed
The student newspaper at a university in California reported a debate between two student council members, revolving around a survey of students (California Aggie, 8 November 1994, p. 3). The newspaper reported that “according to an AS [Associated Students] Survey Unit poll, 52 percent of the
A Washington Post/ Kaiser Family Foundation poll taken July 25 to August 5, 2012, asked a random sample of 3130 adults: “Do you support or oppose putting a special tax on junk food—that is, things like soda, chips, and candy—and using the money for programs to fight obesity?” They reported
Make a list of 20 people you know. Go to the website www. randomizer.org, and use it to choose a simple random sample of five people from your list.a. Explain what you did, and give your results by listing the numbers corresponding to the people selected.b. Now use the randomizer website to draw a
An article in the Sacramento Bee (12 January 1998, p. A4) was titled “ College freshmen show conservative side” and reported the results of a fall 1997 survey “ based on responses from a representative sample of 252,082 full-time freshmen at 464 two- and four- year colleges and universities
Refer to Exercise 17, in which students were chosen from 464 colleges to participate in a survey. a. Suppose that the 464 schools were randomly selected from all eligible colleges and universities and that all first-year students at those schools were surveyed. Explain what type of sample was used
Refer to Exercise 17, in which students were chosen from 464 colleges to participate in a survey. Suppose you were designing this study yourself. Visit the website www.utexas.edu/world/univ/alpha/ to see a list of colleges and universities in the United States. There are approximately 2050 schools
Give an example in which: a. A sample would be preferable to a census b. A cluster sample would be the easiest method to use c. A systematic sample would be the easiest to use and would not be biased
For each of the following situations, state which type of sampling plan was used. Explain whether you think the sampling plan would result in a biased sample. a. To survey the opinions of its customers, an airline company made a list of all its flights and randomly selected 25 flights. All of the
Refer to the previous exercise. Specify the population and the sample, being sure to include both units and measurements, for the situation described in a. Exercise 21a b. Exercise 21b c. Exercise 21c d. Exercise 21d
Is using a convenience sample an example of a probability sampling plan? Explain why or why not.
In early September, 2003, California’s Governor Gray Davis approved a controversial law allowing people who were not legal residents to obtain a California state driver’s license. That week the California Field Poll released a survey showing that 59% of registered voters opposed the law and 34%
Refer to the previous exercise. The same week that the Field Poll was released a Web site called SFGate.com (www.sfgate.com/polls/) (www.sfgate.com/polls/) asked visitors to “Click to vote” on their preferred response to “Agree with new law allowing drivers’ licenses for illegal
Explain why the main problem with the Literary Digest poll is described as “low response rate” and not “volunteer sample.”
Suppose the administration at your school has hired you to help with a survey to find out how students feel about opening a new recreation center on campus. They provide you with a random sample of 100 students and a phone number for each one. Some of them are land-lines, and some are cell phones.
Gastwirth (1988, p. 507) describes a court case in which Bristol-Myers was ordered by the Federal Trade Commission to stop advertising that “ twice as many dentists use Ipana [ toothpaste] as any other dentifrice” and that more dentists recommended it than any other dentifrice. Bristol- Myers
Suppose that a gourmet food magazine wants to know how its readers feel about serving beer with various types of food. The magazine sends surveys to 1000 randomly selected readers. Explain which one of the “difficulties and disasters” in sampling the magazine is most likely to face.
Explain the difference between a low response rate and a volunteer sample. Explain which is worse, and why.
Original Source 7: “Auto body repair inspection pilot program: Report to the legislature.”
“Control subjects” in Original Source 12b: “Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer.”
Each of the following quotes is based on the results of an experiment or an observational study. Explain which was used. If an observational study was used, explain whether an experiment could have been used to study the topic instead. a. “ A recent Stanford study of more than 6000 men found that
Explain whether a survey or a randomized experiment would be most appropriate to find out about each of the following: a. Who is likely to win the next presidential election? b. Whether the use of nicotine gum reduces cigarette smoking
Explain whether a survey or a randomized experiment would be most appropriate to find out about each of the following: a. Whether there is a relationship between height and happiness b. Whether a public service advertising campaign has been effective in promoting the use of condoms
Refer to Case Study 1.1, “Heart or Hypothalamus?” in which Lee Salk exposed newborn infants to the sound of a heartbeat or to silence, and then measured their weight gain at the end of 4 days. a. What is the sample of units for this study? b. What two variables did Salk measure for each unit in
Refer to Case Study 1.1, “Heart or Hypothalamus?” in which Lee Salk exposed newborn infants to the sound of a heartbeat or to silence, and then measured their weight gain at the end of 4 days. a. What is the explanatory variable in Salk’s study? b. What is the outcome (response) variable in
One interesting application of statistics is in trying to identify who wrote important historical works that were published using pseudonyms. A classic paper on this topic is “ On Sentence-Length as a Statistical Characteristic of Style in Prose: With Application to Two Cases of Disputed
Go to a large parking lot or a large area where bicycles are parked. Choose a color or a manufacturer. Design a sampling scheme you can use to estimate the percentage of cars or bicycles of that color or model. In choosing the number to sample, consider the margin of error that will accompany your
For each of the following observational studies in the news stories in the Appendix, specify the explanatory and response variables. a. News Story 12: “Working nights may increase breast cancer risk.” b. News Story 16: “More on TV violence.” c. News Story 18: “Heavier babies become
Explain why each of the following is used in experiments. You may refer to an example in the chapter if it makes it easier to explain. a. Placebo treatments b. Control groups
a. Explain why blinding is used in experiments. b. Explain why it is not always possible to make an experiment double-blind. You may refer to an example in the chapter if it makes it easier to explain.
Refer to each of these news stories printed or summarized in the Appendix, and consult the original source article on the companion website if necessary. In each case, explain whether or not a repeated measures design was used. a. News Story 6: “Music as brain builder.” b. News Story 11:
Is the “experimenter effect” most likely to be present in a double-blind experiment, a single-blind experiment, or an experiment with no blinding? Explain.
Suppose a study found that people who drive more than 10 miles to work each day have better knowledge of current events, on average, than people who ride a bicycle to work. a. What is the explanatory variable in this study? b. What is the response variable in this study? c. It was found that people
Find the story referenced as News Story 5, “Driving while distracted is common, researchers say,” and consult the first page of the “Executive Summary” in Original Source 5, “Distractions in Everyday Driving,” on the website. Explain the extent to which ecological validity may be a
Refer to Case Study 5.3, “Exercise Yourself to Sleep.”a. Discuss each of the “difficulties and disasters in experiments” (Section 5.3) as applied to this experiment.b. Explain whether the authors can conclude that exercise actually caused improvements in sleep.c. Draw a picture similar to
Suppose you wanted to know if men or women students spend more money on clothes. You consider two different plans for carrying out an observational study: Plan 1: Ask the participants how much they spent on clothes during the last 3 months, and then compare the amounts reported by the men and the
Suppose researchers were interested in determining the relationship, if any, between brain cancer and the use of cell phones. Would it be better to use a randomized experiment or a case-control study? Explain.
Read News Story 12 in the Appendix, “Working nights may increase breast cancer risk.” The story describes two separate observational studies, one by Scott Davis and co-authors and one by Francine Laden and co-authors. Both studies and an editorial describing them are included on the website,
A case-control study claimed to have found a relationship between drinking coffee and pancreatic cancer. The cases were people recently hospitalized with pancreatic cancer, and the controls were people hospitalized for other reasons. When asked about their coffee consumption for the past year, it
Explain which of the “difficulties and disasters” in Section 5.5 is most likely to be a problem in each of the following observational studies, and why. a. A study measured the number of writing courses taken by college students and their subsequent scores on the quantitative part of the
A recent study found that people with insomnia are more likely to experience heart problems than people without insomnia. a. What are the explanatory and response variables in this study? b. Explain why amount of caffeine consumed might be a confounding variable in this study by explaining how
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