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Elementary Statistics In Social Research Essentials 3rd Edition Jack A. Levin, James Alan Fox - Solutions

A caregiver at a local nursing home has been accused of abusing some elderly people living there. The following table provides information about the nine victims who have come forward:Calculate the most appropriate measure of central tendency for each of the variables (age, health status, type of
A researcher interested in the effectiveness of organized diet groups on weight loss weighed five clients after several weeks on the program. The weight-loss scores (in pounds) were as follows:Calculate (a) the median and (b) the mean for these weight-loss scores.
A group of high school students was surveyed about its use of various drugs, including alcohol. Asked how frequently they had engaged in binge drinking during the previous six months, the students responded as follows:Calculate (a) the median and (b) the mean for these self-report scores.
Five convicts were given the following five prison sentences (in years):Find (a) The mode, (b) The median, and (c) The mean. (d) Which measure provides the most accurate indication of central tendency for these scores?
The hourly wages (in dollars) of seven employees in a small company are as follows:Find (a) The mode, (b) The median, and (c) The mean.
Suppose that the small company in Problem 15 hired another employee at an hourly wage of $24, resulting in the following hourly wages (in dollars):Find (a) The mode, (b) The median, and (c) The mean.
Ten long-term psychiatric patients were questioned about how many times they were visited by family members during the previous month. Their responses were as follows:Find (a) The mode, (b) The median, and (c) The mean.
The following scores represent the number of households per city block in which a resident owns and unregistered handgun:a. Calculate the mode, median, and mean from the scores. b. Rearrange the scores into a simple frequency distribution and recalculate the mode, median, and mean.
Referring to the sentence lengths given in Problem 14, calculate the deviations (from the mean) for each of the five convicts. What do these deviations indicate about the sentence lengths received by the convicts?In Problem 14
1. Deviation indicates the ____________________ of any raw score from the mean. a. distance b. direction c. distance and direction d. frequency 2. A distribution of income is highly skewed. Which measure of central tendency are you likely to employ for the purpose of characterizing income? a.
Referring to the hourly wage data given in Problem 15, calculate the deviations (from the mean) for each of the seven employees. What do these deviations indicate about the wages earned by the employees?In Problem 15,
The following scores represent the number of children in a group of 20 households:a. Calculate the mode, median, and mean from the scores.b. Rearrange the scores into a simple frequency distribution and recalculate the mode, median, and mean.
A focus group of 10 adults was chosen to evaluate the performance of a candidate during a presidential debate. They were instructed to rate the candidate on two characteristics, knowledge and delivery, using a scale of 1 (poor) to 10 (superior). The ratings given the candidate were as follows:a.
Find the mean, median, and mode for the following set of suicide rates (number of suicides per 100,000 population), presenting six large metropolitan areas:
The following is a list of seven movies and their ratings:1. March of the Penguins………………………… G2. National Treasure: Book of Secrets……… PG3. Mamma Mia………………………………… PG-134. Sex and
1. A measure of how scores scatter around the center of a distribution is a. Variance. b. Standard deviation. c. Range. d. All of the above. 2. Which of the following statements is most true about the relative size of measures of variability? a. The standard deviation is usually larger than the
A focus group of 10 adults was chosen to evaluate the performance of a candidate during a presidential debate. Each member of the group rated the overall performance on a scale of 1 (poor) to 10 (superior). The ratings given the candidate were as follows:Calculate the (a) Range, (b)
A focus group of high school students was surveyed about their use of various drugs, including alcohol. Asked how frequently they had been drunk in the previous six months, the students responded:Calculate the (a) Range, (b) Inter-quartile range, and (c) Variance and standard deviation for these
On a measure of authoritarianism (higher scores reflect greater tendency toward prejudice, ethnocentrism, and submission to authority), seven students scored as follows:Calculate the (a) Range, (b) Inter-quartile range, and (c) Variance and standard deviation for these authoritarianism scores.
On a 20-item measure of self-esteem (higher scores reflect greater self-esteem), five teenagers scored as follows:Calculate the (a) Range, (b) Inter-quartile range, and (c) Variance and standard deviation for these self-esteem scores.
The following are the numbers of hours that 10 police officers have spent being trained in how to handle encounters with people who are mentally ill.Calculate the (a) Range, (b) Inter-quartile range, and (c) Variance and standard deviation.
A local city is considering building a new train to alleviate the heavy traffic on its highways. To find out how many people would make use of this new train, a government worker went out and interviewed a random sample of commuters. The following are the number of miles driven each week by 10
A psychologist interested in nonverbal communication decided to do an informal study on eye contact. Knowing that eye contact tends to be associated with an emotional connection, she believed that most people would be uncomfortable maintaining eye contact for more than a few moments with a total
In the previous chapter, you were asked to find the mode, median, and mean for the following set of suicide rates (number of suicides per 100,000 population), representing six large metropolitan areas. Now, determine the range, variance and standard deviation:
Two students in a math class compared their scores on a series of five quizzes: Student A Student B 4…………………….. 6 9…………………….. 5 3…………………….. 7 8…………………….. 5 9…………………….. 6 Considering the concepts of both central
On a scale designed to measure attitude toward racial segregation, two college classes scored as follows:Class A Class B4……………….. 46……………….. 32……………….. 21……………….. 11……………….. 41……………….. 2Compare the variability of attitudes
A researcher interested in the effectiveness of organized diet groups on weight loss weighed five clients after several weeks on the program. The weight-loss scores (in pounds) we as follows:Calculate the (a) Range, (b) Inter-quartile range, and (c) Variance and standard deviation for these
1. The relative likelihood of occurrence of any given event is known as that event’s a. standard deviation. b. area under the normal curve. c. probability. d. All of the above 2. Probability varies from a. zero to infinity. b. zero to 1.0. c. 1.0 to 100.0 d. -1.0 to +1.0 3. Which of the following
For the SAT, determine the z score (that is, the number of standard deviations and the direction) that each of the following scores falls from the mean:a. 500b. 400c. 650d. 570e. 750f. 380
Using the z scores calculated in Problem 10 and Table A, what is the percentage of SAT scores that falls a. 500 or above? b. 400 or below? c. Between 500 and 650? d. 570 or above? e. Between 250 and 750? f. 380 or above?
IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean μ = 100 and a standard deviation σ = 15. Based on this distribution, determine a. The percentage of IQ scores between 100 and 120. b. The probability of selecting a person at random having an IQ between 100 and 120. c. The percentage of IQ scores
Suppose that at a large state university graduate research assistants are paid by the hour. Data from the personnel office show the distribution of hourly wages paid to graduate students across the campus is approximately normal with a mean of $12.00 and a standard deviation of $2.50. Determine a.
Suppose probation officer caseloads have a mean of 115 offenders and a standard deviation of 10. Assuming caseload sizes are normally distributed, determine a. The probability that a particular probation officer has a caseload between 90 and 105. b. The probability that a particular probation
Suppose the mean IQ for a group of psychopaths is 105 and the standard deviation is 7. Assuming a normal distribution, determine a. The percentage of IQ scores between 100 and 110. b. The probability of selecting a psychopath at random who has an IQ between 100 and 110. c. The percentage of IQ
Assume that scores among Asian Americans on an alienation scale are normally distributed with a mean μ = 22 and a standard deviation σ = 2.5 (higher scores reflect greater feelings of alienation). Based on this distribution, determine a. the probability of an Asian American having an alienation
The following students are enrolled in a course in Introductory Sociology. They are listed along with their year in school and whether they are majoring in sociology.What is the probability of selecting at random from this class a. A sophomore? b. A student majoring in sociology? c. A freshman or a
Ten politicians were asked about their views of euthanasia. They are listed along with their political party.What is the probability of selecting at random from this group of politicians a. a Republican? b. a Democrat who supports euthanasia? c. a politician who does not support euthanasia? d. a
Under any normal distribution of scores, what percentage of the total area falls. a. Between the mean (μ) and a score value that lies one standard deviation (1σ) above the mean? b. Between a score value that lies one standard deviation below the mean and a score value that lies one standard
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) is standardized to be normally distributed with a mean μ = 500 and a standard deviation σ = 100. What percentage of SAT scores falls a. between 500 and 600? b. between 400 and 600? c. between 500 and 700? d. between 300 and 700? e. above 600? f. below 300?
1. In __________ sampling, every member of a population is given an equal chance of being selected for the sample. a. population b. mean c. normal d. random 2. The inevitable difference between the mean of a sample and the mean of a population based on chance alone is a a. random sample. b.
Estimate the standard error of the mean with the following sample of 37 scores on a 7- point scale of views on affirmative action (with 1 being the most in favor of affirmative action and 7 being the most opposed to affirmative action):
Estimate the standard error of the mean with the following ample of 36 responses on a 7- point scale measuring whether sexual orientation should be protected by civil rights laws (with 1 being strongly opposed and 7 being strongly in favor):
With the sample mean in Problem 11, find(a) The 95% confidence interval and(b) The 99% confidence interval.In Problem 11
To determine the views of students on a particular campus about fraternities, and 11-point attitude scale was administered to a random sample of 40 students. This survey yielded a sample mean of 6 (the higher the score, the more favorable the view of the fraternities) and a standard deviation of
A smoking researcher is interested in estimating the average age when cigarette smokers first began to smoke. Taking a random sample of 25 smokers, she determines a sample mean of 16.8 years and a sample standard deviation of 1.5 years. Construct a 95% confidence interval to estimate the population
A medical researcher wants to determine how long patients survive once diagnosed with a particular form of cancer. Using data collected on a group of 40 patients with the disease, she observes an average survival time (time until death) of 38 months with a standard deviation of 9 months. Using a
A medical researcher is interested in the prenatal care received by pregnant women in inner cities. She interviews 35 randomly selected women with children on the streets of Baltimore and finds that the average number of gynecological checkups per pregnancy was 3, with a standard deviation of 1.
An educational researcher sought to estimate the average number of close friends that students on a particular campus made during their first year of school. Questioning a random sample of 50 students completing their freshman year, he finds a sample mean of 3 close friends and a sample standard
An administrator in charge of undergraduate education on a large campus wanted to estimate the average number of books required by instructors. Using bookstore data, she drew a random sample of 25 courses for which she obtained a sample mean of 2.8 books and a sample standard deviation of .4.
A local police department attempted to estimate the average rat of speed (μ) of vehicles along a strip of Main Street. With hidden radar, the speed of a random selection of 25\ vehicles was measured, which yielded a sample mean of 42 mph and a standard deviation of 6 mph. a. Estimate the standard
To estimate the proportion of students on a particular campus who favor a campus wide ban on alcohol, a social researcher interviewed a random sample of 200 students from the college population. She found that 36% of the sample favored banning alcohol (sample proportion = .36). With this
A polling organization interviewed by phone 400 randomly selected fans about their opinion on random drug testing of professional baseball players and found that 68% favored such a regulation. a. Find the standard error of the proportion. b. Find the 95% confidence interval for the population
A major research organization conducted a national survey to determine what percent of Americans feel that things are getting better for them economically. Asking 1,200 respondents called at random if their own economic situation was better today than last year, 45% reported that they were in fact
A local school district wants to survey parental attitudes toward the proposed elimination of after-school sports as a cost-cutting move. Rather than send a questionnaire home with the students, the school committee decides to conduct a phone survey. Out of 120 parents questioned,74 supported the
A political pollster surveyed a random sample of 500 registered voters, asking whether they intended to vote for candidate A or candidate B. She found that 54% preferred candidate A. Using a 95% confidence interval, determine whether the pollster is justified in predicting that candidate A will win
The days many parents are having children far later in life than the generation of parents before them. A researcher interested in whether teenagers can relate well to older parents interviewed 120 high school students with at least one parent 40 or more years their senior and found that 35% felt
To estimate the proportion of troops who support the U.S. military’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy of discharging people who are openly homosexual, a political researcher interviewed a random sample of 50 troops from the population at a particular army base. She found that 69% of the
Estimate the standard error of the mean with the following sample of 30 responses on a 7- point scale, measuring whether an extremist hate group should be given a permit to demonstrate (1 = strongly oppose through 7 = strongly favor):
With the sample mean in Problem 6, find (a) The 95% confidence interval and (b) The 99% confidence interval.
Estimate the standard error of the mean with the following sample of 34 scores on a 10- item objective test of political name recognition:
With the sample mean in Problem 8, find(a) The 95% confidence interval and(b) The 99% confidence interval.In Problem 8
1. Retaining the null hypothesis assumes which of the following? a. There is no difference between sample means. b. There is no difference between population means. c. The difference between means is significant. d. The difference between means is too large to be a sampling error. 2. The larger the
Two groups of subjects participated in an experiment designed to test the effect of frustration on aggression. The experimental group of 40 subjects received a frustrating puzzle to solve, whereas the control group of 40 subjects received an easy, non-frustrating version of the same puzzle. Level
A researcher is interested in finding out if college-bound high school students tend to smoke cigarettes less than high school students who are not college-bound. He distributes a questionnaire and finds that for a group of 57 college-bound students the mean number of cigarettes smoked per week is
A criminologist was interested in whether there was any disparity in sentencing based on the race of the defendant. She selected at random 18 burglary convictions and compared the prison terms given to the 10 Whites and 8 Blacks sampled. The sentence lengths (in years) are shown for the White and
In a field experiment on the effects of perceived control, residents on one floor of a nursing home were given opportunities for increased control in their lives (for example, arrange their own furniture, decide how to spend free time, choose and take care of a plant), whereas the residents on
In a test of the hypothesis that females smile at others more than males do, females and males were videotaped while interacting and the number of smiles emitted by each sex was noted. Using the following number of smiles in the 5-minute interaction, test the null hypothesis that there are no sex
A social psychologist was interested in gender difference in the sociability of teenagers. Using the number of good friends as a measure, he compared the sociability of eight female and seven male teenagers. Test the null hypothesis of no difference with respect to sociability between females and
A personnel consultant was hired to study the influence of sick-pay benefits on absenteeism. She randomly selected samples of hourly employees who do not get paid when out sick and salaried employees who receive sick pay. Using the following data on the number of days absent during a 1-year period,
A professor is conducting research on memory. She shows her subjects (volunteers from her Intro Psych course) a list of words on the computer, with some of the words being food items and the rest of the words being completely unrelated. She then gives each subject 30 seconds to recall as many words
A psychologist was interested in whether men tend to show signs of Alzheimer’s disease at an earlier are than women. Below are the ages of onset of Alzheimer’s symptoms for a sample of men and women. Test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the age of onset of Alzheimer’s
1. The size of the tail regions under the curve that will lead us to reject the null hypothesis is (are) a. the alpha value. b. P. c. the standard error of the difference. d. the degrees of freedom. 2. The standard error of the difference between means is defined as a. the standard deviations of
Samples of Republicans and Democrats were asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 7 their opinion of prayer in public schools, with 1 being the most opposed to school prayer and 7 being the most in favor of school prayer. Given the scores below, test the null hypothesis of no difference between Republic
Using Durkheim€™s theory as a basis, a sociologist calculated the following suicide rates (number of suicides per 100,000 population, rounded to the nearest whole number) for 10 €œhigh-anomie€ and 10 €œlow-anomie€ metropolitan areas. Anomie (normlessness) was indicated by the
An educator was interested in cooperative versus competitive classroom activities as they might influence the ability of students to make friends among their classmates. On a random basis, he divided his 20 student into two different styles of teaching: a cooperative approach in which student
A computer company conducted a “new and improved” course designed to train its service representatives in learning to repair personal computers. Twenty trainees were split into two groups on a random basis: 10 took the customary course and 10 took the new course. At the end of 6 weeks, all 20
An employee in a large office wants to find out if her employer discriminates against women in terms of salary raises. Listed below are the numbers of years that a sample of men and women worked in this office before receiving their first raise. Using these data, test the null hypothesis that men
A researcher is interested in whether union workers earned significantly higher wages than nonunion workers last year. She interviewed 12 union workers and 15 nonunion workers, and their wages are shown below. Test the null hypothesis of no difference between the wages of union workers and nonunion
The following table shows the mean number of 911 calls to the police per month for six city blocks that set up a neighborhood watch program.Test the significance of the difference in the mean number of 911 calls to the police before and after the neighborhood watch program was established.
The racism of eight White young adults, all convicted of committing an anti-Asian hate crime, was measured both before and after they had seen a film designed to reduce their racist attitudes. Using the following scores on an anti-Asian prejudice scale obtained by the eight subjects, test the null
The Center for the Study of Violence wants to determine whether a conflict-resolution program in a particular high school alters aggressive behavior among its students. For 10 students, aggression was measured both before and after they participated in the conflict solution course. Their scores
The short-term effect of a lecture on attitudes toward illicit drug use was studied by measuring 10 students€™ attitudes about drug abuse both before and after they attended a persuasive antidrug lecture given by a former addict. Using the following attitude scores (higher scores indicate more
Even in the darkest areas of human behavior, we tend to imitate our heroes. A suicidologist studied the incidence of suicide in five randomly selected communities of moderate size both before and after publicity was given to the suicide of a famous singer. Using the following data on the number of
A researcher believes that alcohol intoxication at even half the legal limit, that is, .05 blood alcohol instead of .1, might severely impair driving ability. To test this, he subjects 10 volunteers to a driving simulation test first while sober and then after drinking sufficient to raise the blood
A national polling organization conducts a telephone survey of American adults concerning whether they believe the president is doing a good job. A total of 990 persons surveyed had voted in the previous presidential election. Of the 630 who had voted for the president, 72% said they thought he was
A pollster interviews by telephone a statewide random sample of persons aged 18 and over about their attitudes towards stricter gun control. Using the following set of results, test the significance of the difference between the proportions of men and women who support stricter controls.
A researcher is interested in gender differences in attitudes toward flying. Polling a sample of 100 men and 90 women, he finds that 36% of the men and 40% of the women are fearful of flying. Test the significant of the difference in sample proportions.
1. Rather than a series of t tests, analysis of variance is used because a. it holds Type 1 error at a constant level. b. it is too much work to do a series of t tests. c. it increases Type 1 error. d. it makes a number of decisions, whereas a series of t tests makes a single overall decision. 2.
Consider an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol and of marijuana on driving. Five randomly selected subjects are given alcohol to produce legal drunkenness and then are given a simulated driving test (scored from a top score of 10 to a bottom score of 0). Five different randomly selected
Using Durkheim€™s theory of anomie (normlessness) as a basis, a sociologist obtained the following suicide rates (the number of suicides per 100,000 population) rounded to the nearest whole number, for five high-anomie, five moderate-anomie, and five low-anomie metropolitan areas (anomie was
Psychologists studied the relative efficacy of three different treatment programs €“ A, B, and C €“ on illicit drug abuse. The following data represent the number of days of drug abstinence accumulated by 15 patients (5 in each treatment program) for the 3 months after their treatment
Does a woman€™s chance of suffering from postpartum depression vary depending on the number of children she already has? To find out, a researcher collected random samples from four groups of women: the first group having just given birth to their first child, the second group having just given
Studies have found that people find symmetrical faces more attractive than faces that are not symmetrical. To test this theory, a psychiatrist selected a random sample of people and showed them pictures of three different faces: a face that is perfectly symmetrical, face that is slightly
Political theorist Karl Marx is known for his theory that the working class, to put an end to capitalism and establish a communist society, would eventually rise up and overthrow the upper-class members of society who exploit them. One reason for the capitalist workers€™ discontent,
A psychiatrist wonders if people with panic disorder benefit from one particular type of treatment over any others. She randomly selects patients who have used one of the following treatments: cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, or medication. She asks them to rate on a scale from 1 to 10 how
Is there a relationship between a mother€™s education level and how long she breast feeds her child? A curious researcher selects samples of mothers from three different education levels and determines their length of breast-feeding (measured in months). Test the null hypothesis that education
A researcher collected samples of sexually active adolescents from various racial and ethnic backgrounds and asked them what percent of the time they use protection. Given the following data, test the null hypothesis that Black, White, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents do not differ in terms of how
A marriage counselor notices that first marriages seem to last longer than remarriages. To see if this is true, she selects samples of divorced couples from first, second, and third marriages and determines the number of years each couple was married before getting divorced. Test the null
On the following random samples of social class, test the null hypothesis that neighborliness does not vary by social class.
A researcher is interested in the effect type of residence has on the personal happiness of college students. She selects samples of students who live in campus dorms, in off-campus apartments, and at home and asks the 12 respondents to rate their happiness on a scale of 1 (not happy) to 10

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