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A Pathway To Introductory Statistics 1st Edition Jay Lehmann - Solutions
In a poll of 1000 randomly selected likely voters, 48% of respondents said the Affordable Care Act goes too far. The study then made an inference about all likely voters. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the population.
Do you think the drinking age should be lowered to age 18? In a telephone survey, 74% of 1013 randomly selected American adults said no. The study then made an inference about all American adults. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the population.
In terms of solving the world’s problems, do you think the United States does too much? In a survey of 1501 randomly selected American adults, 39% said yes. The study then made an inference about all American adults. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the
In 2014, researchers surveyed 218 randomly selected non-Caucasians, asking whether they believed that police could protect them from violent crime. The percentage of those surveyed who said yes was 49%. The researchers then made an inference about all non-Caucasians. a. Define a variable for the
In 2014, researchers surveyed 776 randomly selected Caucasians, asking whether they believed that police could protect them from violent crime. The percentage of those surveyed who said yes was 60%. The researchers then made an inference about all Caucasians. a. Define a variable for the study. b.
After you graduate from college, do you plan to stay at your next full-time job for 3–5 years? In a survey of 13,127 randomly selected graduating college students, 43% said yes. Researchers then made an inference about all graduating college students. a. Define a variable for the study. b.
Researchers surveyed parents with college-bound teenager’s ages 16 to 18 years, asking whether the parents will limit their children’s choices of college based on cost. Of 1000 randomly selected individuals surveyed, 48% said yes. The researchers then made an inference about all parents with
Researchers tested whether the flu shot helped hospital employees avoid getting the flu. A total of 179 hospital staff participated in the study. The researchers concluded that the flu shot does not help hospital staff avoid getting the flu.a. What question were the researchers trying to answer?b.
Simvastatin is a prescription drug used to lower blood cholesterol. However, researchers tested whether the drug also heals ulcers. A total of 66 ulcer patients were tested. The study concluded that the drug successfully heals ulcers.a. What question were the researchers trying to answer?b.
Does music improve sleep quality? To find out, researchers studied 94 students ages 19 to 29 years. The students were divided into three groups. The first group listened to relaxing classical music for 45 minutes at bedtime for three weeks. The second group listened to an audiobook for the same
People with autism have trouble relating to others. Some researchers wanted to test whether people with autism are less able to process social rewards than monetary rewards. There were 20 individuals in the study, 10 with autism and 10 without. All 20 individuals undertook a learning task that
Do low-skilled college algebra students learn more from completing online homework than textbook homework? To find out, researchers studied 75 low-skilled college algebra students at a large community college. Some of the students completed their homework using a textbook. The rest completed
A more sexually confident about themselves are more likely to achieve sexual satisfaction. She arranged for 45 women to take a 112-question anonymous online survey. The researcher concluded that the more sexually confident a woman is about herself, the more likely she will achieve sexual
The favorite sports of students in one of the author€™s statistics classes are shown in Table 6.a. Use technology with seed 49 to randomly select 6 students without replacement.b. For the simple random sample you selected in part (a), find the proportion of students who prefer football. Write
The author surveyed some of his statistics students who drive, asking whether they run red lights. The students€™ responses are shown in the frame in Table 7. The survey was anonymous, so the names in the table are fictional.a. Use technology with seed 25 to randomly select 5 students without
The music preferences of students in one of the author€™s statistics classes are shown in Table 8.a. Use technology with seed 95 to randomly select 6 students without replacement.b. For the simple random sample you selected in part (a), find the proportion of students who prefer hip-hop. Write
The author surveyed one of his statistics classes, asking students whether they thought it was more important to improve college students€™ success rates or to address climate change. The students€™ responses are shown in Table 9. The survey was anonymous, so the names in the table are
In fall semester 2014, there were 27,972 students earning credit at a college in the Collin County Community College District in Texas. There were 9790 full-time students and 18,182 part-time students. a. What proportion of the students were full-time? Round your result to the third decimal
In fall semester 2013, there were 20,329 students at Diablo Valley College in Pleasant Hill, California. There were 10,571 female students and 9758 male students. a. What proportion of the students were female? Round your result to the third decimal place. b. By using the numbers 1 through 10,571
A pollster surveys people attending a boxing match, asking them if they have ever struck their spouse. Of the 32 people surveyed, 5 say no and the others do not respond. The pollster uses the data to predict the percentage of people who strike their spouse.
A simple random sample of customers who telephoned a company’s customer service in the past 3 months were invited to take part in a survey. The 10% of the sample who agreed to take part were asked, “Did the representative you spoke with fully understand and resolve all your issues?” Of all
An automated telephone survey includes a question about a restaurant’s food, directing the caller, “Press 1 for very satisfied and 5 for very dissatisfied. You may choose any number between 1 and 5, inclusive.” For the next question about the restaurant’s service, the caller is directed,
In an often-used survey system, customers are asked to rate a company’s product between 0 and 11 points, inclusive. Customers who chose scores between 0 and 6 points, inclusive, are interpreted to be unhappy with the product. People who selected either the score 7 or 8 points are interpreted to
The volcanic eruptions with the greatest death tolls since 1900 are described in Table 2.a. Identify the individuals.b. Identify the variables.c. Identify the observations for each variable.d. Of the eruptions described in Table 2, which volcano caused the greatest number of deaths?e. How many more
A restaurant places cards on the dining tables, inviting customers to complete an online survey about their dining experience.a. Identify the type(s) of bias the survey has. Explainb. Only 6% of customers complete the online survey. The restaurant decides to offer $3 off a customer’s next meal if
Some Georgia inmates under the death sentence are de- scribed in Table 3.a. Identify the individuals. b. Identify the variables. c. Identify the observations for each variable. d. Calculate the inmates€™ ages when they were convicted. e. Of the inmates included in Table 3, which one was
Five statistics students€™ anonymous responses to a survey administered by the author are described in Table 4.a. Identify the individuals.b. Identify the variables.c. Identify the observations for each variable.d. For how long does Student 2 exercise daily, according to Table 4? Why does this
Some missions to Mars are described in Table 5.a. Identify the individuals. b. Identify the variables. c. Identify the observations for each variable. d. Compute the ratio of cost to launch mass (in millions of dollars per pound) for each mission. Round to the third decimal place. e. Which mission
In a poll of 1000 randomly selected American adults, 48% of respondents said that they strongly disapprove of the way Congress is doing its job. The study then made an inference about all American adults. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the population.
A Wells Fargo bank manager wants to survey customers as they leave the store on a certain day. There are about 340 customers each day. The manager would like to get feedback from at least 50 customers by performing systematic sampling. From past experience, the manager knows that if 70 customers
A Nordstrom manager wants to survey customers as they leave the store on a certain day. There are about 420 customers each day. The manager would like to get feedback from at least 30 customers by performing systematic sampling. From past experience, the manager knows that if 50 customers are
Human Resources at Genentech wants to perform a systematic sampling of its 12,300 employees. Using a frame of all its employees, it plans to survey 120 of them. a. If every kth employee is surveyed, find k so that 120 employees are surveyed. b. To find which employee should be first surveyed, use
Human Resources at Google wants to perform a systematic sampling of its 47,756 employees. Using a frame of all its employees, it plans to survey 150 of them. a. If every kth employee is surveyed, find k so that 150 employees are surveyed. b. To find which employee should be first surveyed, use 753
A researcher wants to select a sample of 70 full-time employees who work in either the police, fire, or judicial departments of Phoenix, Arizona, by performing stratified sampling. Of those three departments, 64% work in the police department, 33% work in the fire department, and 3% work in the
A researcher wants to select a sample of 70 full-time employees who work in either the police, fire, or judicial departments of Charleston, South Carolina, by performing stratified sampling. Of those three departments, 62% work in the police department, 29% work in the fire department, and 9% work
A researcher wants to select a sample of 40 students from the four private high schools in Green Bay, Wisconsin, by performing stratified sampling. The enrollments are shown in Table 15. How many students at each school should be included in the study?
A researcher wants to select a sample of 50 students from the four public high schools in Franklin, Tennessee, by performing stratified sampling. The enrollments are shown in Table 16. How many students at each school should be included in the study?
The dean of the graduate fine arts school at University of Texas at Austin wants to select a sample of 120 students who applied to one of four music majors. The numbers of applicants for each major are shown in Table 17. If the dean wants to perform stratified sampling, how many students for each
The dean of the graduate business administration school at University of Texas at Austin wants to select a sample of 100 students who applied to one of five majors. The numbers of applicants for each major are shown in Table 18. If the dean wants to perform stratified sampling, how many students
Montana State University wants to survey its students about whether they think a 5% increase in next year€™s tuition is reasonable. Undergraduates who are given the Western Undergraduate Exchange (WUE) award pay lower tuition. Because WUE undergraduates, resident undergraduates,
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill wants to survey its students about whether they think the dorms are in good enough condition. Because female undergraduates, male undergraduates, female graduate students, male graduate students, female professional students, and male professional
The Hamilton County Traffic Safety Partnership (HCTSP) is a collection of police departments in Hamilton County, Indiana. To combat drunk driving, the HCTSP set up a sobriety check- point in Hamilton County on August 22 and 23, 2014. Which of the four sampling methods was probably used? Explain.
Los Angeles City Hall wants to survey some of its residents in person, asking whether the tallest building in the world should be built in the city. Which of the four sampling methods discussed in this section would require the least money and effort? Explain. Describe how to perform the sampling.
The Chicago Tribune newspaper wants to survey Illinois residents about the job performance of Dick Durbin, Illinois Democratic Senator. The newspaper has access to phone numbers of most Republican, Democratic, and Independent residents in the state. Which of the four sampling methods should be
Barnes & Noble® wants to survey some of its customers about whether their online purchases arrived on time. The company has a frame of all of its online customers’ e-mail addresses. Which of the four sampling methods should be used? Explain. Describe how to perform the sampling.
The president of Boston University wants some of the students to complete a written survey.a. If each class is treated as a cluster, describe how cluster sampling could be accomplished.b. If each ethnic group is treated as a strata describe how stratified sampling could be accomplished.c. If the
Kansas City Mayor Sly James wants data collectors to conduct in-person interviews with some Kansas City residents.a. If each city block is treated as a cluster, describe how cluster sampling could be accomplished.b. If Democrats, Republicans, Independents, and so on, are treated as strata, describe
In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled that sobriety checkpoints are legal, but police departments must file a plan that describes how they will randomly select drivers for sobriety tests. Florida Highway Patrol troopers, Pasco Sheriff’s deputies, and Tarpon Springs Police officers filed a plan for a
On July 2, 2006, the Forest Park Police Department set up a sobriety checkpoint in Forest Park, Illinois. For the first part of the evening—when traffic was heavier—the police stopped every fourth car. Later, when the traffic was lighter, the police stopped every third and fourth car. a. What
In a 1999 study, researchers attempted to determine whether the death rate of older adults who have had a major bone fracture is higher than the death rate for older adults who have never had a major fracture. Researchers reviewed records of all people at least 60 years old who lived in Dubbo,
In a 2011 study, researchers explored whether there is an association between presidential TV advertising and voters’ opinions of the candidates. The researchers analyzed data about the Bush-Gore 2000 presidential election, including local ratings of TV shows in which presidential advertisements
Researchers wanted to see whether children who take the drug levodroprophizine recover better from cough than children who take other cough syrups. The individuals were 161 children who visited one of four doctors from February 1, 2010, to April 30, 2010, for an acute cough. The doctors prescribed
Approximately 85% of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have attacks—often called relapses—of neurologic problems. The relapses are followed by periods during which symptoms improve partially or fully. This form of the disease is called relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In
Would monetary rewards motivate you to pass more classes? In a two-semester study, researchers randomly assigned 1019 low-income community college students who were parents into two groups. Each member of the first group received a $20 gift card. Each member of the second group received the gift
Refer to Exercise 13 on page 120 for a description of a study about the drug natalizumab.Exercise 13Approximately 85% of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have attacks—often called relapses—of neurologic problems. The relapses are followed by periods during which symptoms improve
Refer to Exercise 14 for a description of a study about offering college students monetary rewards.Exercise 14Would monetary rewards motivate you to pass more classes? In a two-semester study, researchers randomly assigned 1019 low-income community college students who were parents into two groups.
A 2001 study reviewed data from a previous study of 7316 Danish adults who completed a questionnaire about their diet. They determined that there were two dietary patterns: a high-fiber diet (frequent consumption of wholemeal bread, fruits, and vegetables) and a Western diet (frequent consumption
According to Illinois law, a crosswalk is the part of the road- way at an intersection that is in line with at least one sidewalk. A crosswalk need not have markings on the road. In 2010, a law was passed in Illinois that requires motorists to come to a complete stop for pedestrians in crosswalks.
The 12 smartphones in Table 26 have been randomly selected for the sample of an experiment. Use the seed 994 to randomly select 6 of the phones for the treatment group. The other 6 phones will be in the control group. Is this process an example of random assignment? Explain.Table 26Smartphones
The 8 ultrabooks in Table 27 have been randomly selected for the sample of an experiment. Use the seed 274 to randomly select 4 of the ultrabooks for the treatment group. The other 4 ultrabooks will be in the control group. Is this process an example of random assignment? Explain. Table
The 10 cars in Table 28 have been randomly selected for the sample of an experiment. Use the seed 469 to randomly select 5 of the cars for the treatment group. The other 5 cars will be in the control group. Is this process an example of random assignment? Explain. Table 28 Cars Randomly Selected
The 12 public, 4-year colleges in Table 29 have been randomly selected for the sample of an experiment. Use the seed 528 to randomly select 6 of the colleges for the treatment group. The other 6 colleges will be in the control group. Is this process an example of random assignment? Explain. Table
A weight-loss company wants to test whether its weight-loss program works. They identify 30 new members, who agree to attend weekly meetings and weigh in at the meetings. They also pay 30 nonmembers to weigh in once a week with the understanding that they will avoid the company’s weight-loss
A student wants to test whether exercise helps people quit smoking. She surveys adults, asking whether they ever smoked, whether they ever quit smoking, and whether they exercise. The student concludes that exercise helps people quit smoking.a. Describe the problems with the student’s study.
A student wants to compare the effectiveness of the laundry detergents Tide® and Wisk® Deep Clean. He washes some stained towels with Tide in a Kenmore® washing machine and washes other stained towels with Wisk Deep Clean in a Samsung® washing machine. After inspecting the washed towels, the
A high school humanities teacher wants to determine whether monetary awards will motivate students to create better projects. The teacher assigns a project about community spirit. He says that the student with the best project will win a $25 prize awarded by the mayor and be featured in a
A weight-lifting trainer wants to determine if a new protein shake helps weight lifters bench-press more weight. To find out, she interviews weight lifters at a local fitness center, asking them how much they can bench-press and whether they drink the shake. She finds out that the lifters who drink
Popular MechanicTM wants to determine if a new fuel additive improves gas mileage. The magazine hosts an online survey, asking car owners whether they use the fuel additive and what their car’s gas mileage is. Because car owners who use the fuel additive reported better gas mileages, the magazine
A pharmaceutical company has designed an experimental drug in pill form that is supposed to treat severe acne within 6 months. Design an experiment to test whether the drug works.
A pharmaceutical company has designed an experimental drug in pill form that is supposed to help adults who suffer from insomnia sleep better. Design an experiment to test whether the drug works.
A track coach wants to know whether having his long- distance runners train with a 10-pound weight belt for one month of daily workouts will improve their 2-mile running times. Design an experiment to help the coach.
If students wear earphones and play recordings of their professor’s lectures while they sleep, will they perform better on tests? Design an experiment to test this.
A student says that stratified sampling and random assignment are the same thing because both involve simple random sampling for parts of the sample. What would you tell the student?
What is the key difference in the designs of an experiment and an observational study? What does that difference have to do with the fact that we can determine causality between explanatory and response variables with experiments but not with observational studies?
Compare the meaning of placebo and placebo effect. Give an example of each that is not in the textbook.
In a double-blind study, researchers tested whether small doses of caffeine would improve highly trained male cyclists’ times in a hot environment (95°F, 25% humidity). The individuals were 9 highly trained male cyclists who rode a stationary bicycle in a hot climate chamber on three separate
In a double-blind study, 50 older adults who had difficulty keeping their balance and/or were slow walkers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The first group received 4 weeks of training designed to improve balance and walking speed. The second group performed the same physical training
Refer to Exercise 5 for a description of a study about caffeine.Exercise 5In a double-blind study, researchers tested whether small doses of caffeine would improve highly trained male cyclists’ times in a hot environment (95°F, 25% humidity). The individuals were 9 highly trained male cyclists
Refer to Exercise 6 on page 119 for a description of a study about walking speed.Exercise 6In a double-blind study, 50 older adults who had difficulty keeping their balance and/or were slow walkers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The first group received 4 weeks of training designed
In 2009, a law was passed in New Zealand banning the use of handheld cell phones while driving. In 2012, researchers wanted to determine if a smaller proportion of drivers use handheld cell phones now that the law was in effect. To find out, data collectors stood at the side of three streets in
Some Middle East countries are described in Table 30.a. Identify the individuals.b. Identify the variables.c. Identify the data for each variable.d. Compute the ratio of 2012 military expenditure to oil production (in dollars per barrel) for each country. Round your results to the third decimal
Human Resources at Sony® wants to perform a systematic sampling of its 105,000 employees. Using a frame of all its employees, they plan to survey 800 of them. a. If every kth employee is surveyed, find k so that 800 employees are surveyed. b. To find which employee should be first surveyed, use
A researcher wants to select a sample of 80 employees at Boeing by performing stratified sampling. The employments are shown in Table 32. How many employees from each group should be included in the study?
Atlanta City Hall wants to survey some of its residents in per- son, asking whether the city’s public transportation is satisfactory. Which of the four sampling methods discussed in this chapter would require the least money and effort? Explain. Describe how to perform the sampling.
In a double-blind study, researchers tested whether the antidepressant drug Lu AA21004 lowered depression in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 560 MDD adults were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups of different Lu AA21004 dosages or a placebo group. Those in the treatment
Refer to Exercise 17 for a description of a study about the drug Lu AA21004.Exercise 17In a double-blind study, researchers tested whether the antidepressant drug Lu AA21004 lowered depression in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 560 MDD adults were randomly assigned to 3
Researchers wanted to determine whether mothers with eating disorders expressed more negative emotions toward their first-born infants during mealtimes than mothers without eating disorders. Researchers observed how both types of mothers interacted with their first-born infants during mealtimes.
In a telephone survey, 54% of 500 American adults said they experience a lot of happiness and enjoyment. The study then made an inference about all American adults. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the population.
The 10 private, 4-year colleges in Table 34 have been randomly selected for the sample of an experiment. Use the seed 929 to randomly select 5 of the colleges for the treatment group. The other 5 colleges will be in the control group. Is this process an example of random assignment? Explain. Table
The math center coordinator at a college wants to show that the center helps students get better grades in math classes. Two weeks after the semester is over, she researches students’ grades and finds that a greater proportion of students who attended the math center passed their math classes
A pharmaceutical company has designed an experimental drug in pill form that is supposed to treat baldness within 8 months. Design an experiment to test whether the drug works.
The favorite movie genres of students in one of the author€™s statistics classes are shown in Table 31.a. Use technology with seed 43 to randomly select 6 students without replacement.b. For the simple random sample you found in part (a), find the proportion of students who prefer comedies. If
A pollster surveys adults in the financial district of Chicago, asking them their annual salary. Of 100 adults approached, 55 refuse to take part in the survey. The pollster uses the data to predict the proportion of Chicagoans who earn over $100 thousand per year.
The numbers of workers and the numbers of workers in unions are shown in Table 35 for various states.a. Identify the individuals.b. Identify the variables.c. Identify the data for each variable.d. Compute the percentage of workers in unions for each state shown in Table 35. Round your results to
A researcher wants to determine if college basketball players score more points if they run every day. To find out, she surveys players on one college team and finds out that a greater proportion of those who run every day score over 10 points than those that don’t run every day. The researcher
The owner of car dealership wants to know whether a work- shop about emotions would increase the number of cars a salesperson sells per month. Design an experiment to help him.
In a sample consisting of 2011 American adults, 18% of the adults intend to buy wearable technology in the next 12 months. The researchers then made an inference about all American adults. a. Define a variable for the study. b. Identify the sample. c. Identify the population.
A simple random sample of customers who purchased products at Amazon.com® in the past 3 months were invited by e-mail to respond to the question, “Was our website easy to use, and did you find everything you needed?” About 8% of those contacted responded. Of all customers who purchased
A Gap manager wants to survey customers as they leave the store on a certain day. There are about 500 customers each day. The manager would like to get feedback from at least 60 customers by performing systematic sampling. From past experience, the manager knows that if 80 customers are approached,
Georgia Tech wants to survey its students about whether they think Bobby Dodd Stadium should be renovated. Because female undergraduates, male undergraduates, female graduate students, and male graduate students may have different opinions, the university plans to use these four types of students
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