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Statistics Alive 2nd Edition Wendy J. Steinberg - Solutions

You draw three cards (with replacement) from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability thata. Exactly one will be red,b. None will be red, andc. More than two will be red?
You toss a coin four times. What is the probability thata. Exactly three will be heads,b. Fewer than three will be heads, andc. More than two will be heads?
You draw three cards (with replacement) from a standard deck of cards in which half the cards are red and half are black. What is the probability thata. None will be black,b. All three will be black, andc. Exactly two will be black?
A researcher is studying whether men and women differ in their preferred house temperature. a. A directional research hypothesis, b. A non directional research hypothesis, and c. The null hypothesis.
A researcher is studying whether the amount of aggression displayed in a simulated conflict situation differs in teens who listen to rap music and teens who listen to classical music.
A researcher is studying whether boys who had been bullied during childhood experience a different amount of depression in their 20s than boys who had not been bullied during childhood.
A school librarian is investigating whether children from lower socioeconomic neighbor-hoods check out a different number of books than do children from higher socioeconomic neighborhoods.
A clinical psychologist is studying whether scheduling clients for appointments prior to their workday or after their workday results in a better rate of showing up for their appointments. He randomly schedules half of his clients for early-morning appointments and half for late-afternoon
The mean IQ for a population is 100, and the standard deviation is 15. Girard's IQ is 142. a. State the null hypothesis. b. State the research (alternative) hypothesis. c. If Girard is just a random person from the population, what is the probability that his IQ would be so high? d. You have not
Professor Laffing peppers his lectures with corny jokes. At the end of the course, he administers the Laugh-o-Meter test to see how funny his students found his lectures. The Laugh-o-Meter test has a nationwide mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 6. Professor Laffing's funniness rating by the
This exercise demonstrates that the means of samples drawn from a population will approximate a normal curve even when the sample size is quite small and the population is not normally distributed.
Members of a freshmen orientation class take a time management test. Their average time management score is 82, and the standard deviation for their scores is 6. Using the formula for σM, what will σM be when a. The sample size is 25, b. The sample size is 36, and c. The sample size is 49?
Assume that a personality trait is normally distributed in the general population, with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 5. Using the formula for σM, what will GM be when a. The research sample size is 49, b. The research sample size is 64, and c. The research sample size is 81?
Below are the arithmetic test scores of Ms. Teachwell's fourth-grade class. The statewide average on this same test for all fourth graders is 77.0. The statewide standard deviation is 7.0. You want to know if the performance of Ms. Teachwell's class is typical of the state's fourth graders.a. State
According to a college guide, selective means that the average SAT score of incoming freshmen is 600, with a standard deviation of 50. A high school guidance counselor suspects that many colleges rated by the guide as selective do not meet the guide's standard. He randomly selects 30 colleges rated
A ladies' clothing store chain reports an average sales increase of 7% over last year's sales for all stores nationwide, with a standard deviation of 2%. A district store manager pulls the shopping record of the 49 stores in his district and finds that the sales volume for this group of stores was
The average height of U.S. adult males is 69.5 in. and the standard deviation is 2.0. A physician thinks that this national mean seems a little short for his patients, so he records the height of the next 100 adult males to visit his office. Their average height is 69.75 in. If this physician's
A manufacturing company reports average annual sales nationwide of 32.4 million per franchise store. The 10 franchise stores in one geographic area have annual sales of 33.6 million, with a standard deviation (using n - 1) of 1.2 million.a. State the non directional hypothesis.b. Determine the
You conduct a one-sample t test and find that t = -1.83. Your study has 81 participants. Your research hypothesis is directional. Sketch a normal curve and draw vertical lines for and label from -30^ to +3oM, locate and label the tabled critical t, and locate and label the computed t. a. Can you
Betty, an employee of Shining Sun Daycare Center, read an article in Healthy Child Magazine saying that the average 3-year-old child is 37 in. tall. Betty works with 3-year-olds at Shining Sun, so later that week, she measured the height of each child who had just turned or was about to turn 3
A study reports that 26% of 4-year college graduates nationwide who majored in biology obtain a job related to biology within 1 year of graduation. Fifteen 4-year colleges in one state compare their placement rates for biology graduates with the national average at 1 year post graduation. Their
Assume a hypothetical survey reports that the average number of articles published over a 5-year period in refereed academic journals by faculty at 4-year liberal arts colleges nationwide is 3.2. The faculty at Almost Ivy college publish an average of 3.7 articles during that same 5-year period,
The average reading achievement score for second graders on a nationally standardized test is 76.2%. The average score for Merriweather school district's 46 second graders on that same test is 74.6%. The standard deviation (using n - 1) is 3.1%. a. State the directional hypothesis. b. Determine the
A personnel psychologist measures the average tenure of employees. The average number of years 41 employees work before resigning or retiring is 12.2 years, with a GM of 0.365 years.a. What point estimate should the personnel psychologist predict for a new employee's tenure?b. In constructing an
On an ability test, 15 randomly selected participants score an average of 74.8 points, with a σM of 1.263 points. What is the 95% confidence interval for future test takers' scores?
The height of 10 children in Shining Sun Daycare Center. The children averaged 39.3 in. in height, and GM was .99. a. What is the best point estimate for the average height of the next class of 3-year-olds at Shining Sun Daycare Center? b. Betty can be 95% confident that children in the next class
Exercise 8 in Module 17 addressed the reading level of Merriweather's 46 second graders. Their mean reading level was 74.6%. Using the σM calculated in that exercise, Merriweather school administrators can be 99% certain that the reading level of the next second grader in the Merriweather schools
A manufacturing company's sales volume of the 10 franchise stores in one geographic area. Their mean sales volume was 33.6 million. Using the σM calculated in that exercise, the company can be 95% certain that the sales volume of the next franchise store in that geographic area will be between
A researcher conducts a one-tailed one-sample t test on 25 subjects and finds that t- 1.89. a. How many degrees of freedom are in this study? b. About what is the actual Type 1 error for the study? c. How confident can the researcher be that the results are true and not due to mere sampling
A researcher conducts a two-tailed one-sample t test on 24 subjects and finds that t = 1.89. a. How many degrees of freedom are in this study? b. About what is the actual Type 1 error for the study? c. How confident can the researcher be that the results are true and not due to mere sampling
A social psychologist measures the average time that 20 new transfer students at an orientation party mingle with other new transfer students before selecting a chair or corner in which to settle. The average time is 6.2 min. The σM for mingling is 0.33 min. Assume that these students are a
In a study of the effect of test humor in relieving students' test anxiety, the σM for anxiety level in the group that experienced test humor was 0.85, and the σM for anxiety level in the group that did not experience test humor was 0.96. Calculate the σM1-M2.
As sample size increases in the treatment and control groups of a study, what effect will that have on the size of the standard error of the difference between the means?
In two separate studies, the actual difference between the means of a treated group and an untreated group is 3 points. However, in one study, the σM1-M2 is very large and so the 3 points is not found to be significant. In the other study, the σMI-M2 is very small and so the 3 points is found to
Calculate σMl - M2 for a study of self-esteem between the sexes, in which the value of σM for women is 1.32 and that for men is 1.94. (Review: Is sex an assigned variable or a found variable? How might this complicate interpretation of the study's results?)
In a study of the effect of a new drug on the alleviation of asthma symptoms, the σM for symptom relief in the patient group that received the new drug is 1.45, and the σM for symptom relief in the group that did not receive the new drug is 1.22. Calculate the σM1-M2
A police agency is interested in reducing the speed of cars on a particular stretch of highway. Lore has it that a visible police car with radar is more effective in reducing speed than a warning sign saying that the area is monitored by radar. A police sergeant wonders if the lore is correct, so
A large furniture store stations salespeople near its entrance to greet customers and offer assistance in shopping. The salespeople, who work on a commission basis, tell the customers their name and hand them a business card. A psychologist thinks that the salespersons' intrusiveness might cause
Elena Martin is campaigning for the city council. She has two types of lawn signs to distribute: large ones and small ones. She wonders if the size of the sign affects residents' willingness to display the signs on their property. Early in the campaign, her staff obtains a list of homeowners in
A cognitive psychologist is curious as to why women tend to physically turn a map's position to agree with the direction they are moving, while men tend to keep the map in its original position and mentally change orientations as they move. She wonders if there is a sex difference in ability to
An Internet provider wonders if its cable Internet customers are significantly more satisfied with one or the other of its two packages-free e-mail or free basic TV. The company surveys 12 customers currently receiving free e-mail with their cable Internet and 12 customers currently receiving free
A police agency was interested in reducing the speed on a particular stretch of highway. Lore had it that a visible police car with radar was more effective in reducing speeders than a warning sign saying that the area is monitored by radar. A police sergeant wondered if the lore was correct, so he
The following data are from a study of reading achievement in children randomly assigned to be taught via a phonics curriculum (N = 15) versus a whole-language curriculum (N = 10).Calculate t and compare it with the two-tailed critical t at the .05 a level. Is there a significant difference in
Mrs. Campbell is often awakened by the howling of dogs in the neighborhood. She wonders whether the dogs howl more often on rainy nights. During one particularly rainy month, she counts how many separate incidents of howling she hears per night and also records whether the night is rainy or clear.
A cognitive psychologist was curious as to why women tend to physically turn a map's position to agree with the direction they are moving, while men tend to keep the map in its original position and mentally change orientations as they move. She wondered if there is a sex difference in ability to
An Internet provider wondered if its cable Internet customers were significantly more satisfied with one or the other of its two packages-free e-mail or free basic TV. The company surveyed customers currently receiving free e-mail with their cable Internet and customers currently receiving free
An Internet provider wondered if its cable Internet customers were significantly more satisfied with one or the other of its two packages-free e-mail and free basic TV. The company surveyed customers currently receiving free e-mail with cable Internet and customers currently receiving free basic TV
A police agency was interested in reducing the speed on a particular stretch of highway. Lore had it that a visible police car with radar was more effective in reducing speed than a warning sign saying that the area is monitored by radar. A police sergeant wondered if the lore was correct, so he
Two professors teach different sections of the same course. One professor, Dr. Easy, has a reputation for being an easy grader. The other professor, Dr. Hard, has a reputation for being a hard grader. While it is true that the two professors' grades do tend to differ in the direction of their
A college is expecting an entering freshman class of 700. The sex ratio of the incoming class is exactly 350 women and 350 men. The mean score on a test of writing skills for 70 incoming female freshmen attending one of several college orientation sessions is 84. The mean score for 70 incoming.
The speed at which men versus women mentally rotated an object. Fifteen men and 15 women mentally rotated the object. The men mentally rotated it in 0.0313 s less time than the women. The value of oMi_Mz was 0.01018.a. What is the best point estimate for the difference in mental rotation speed for
Twelve customers receiving free e-mail and 12 customers receiving free basic TV were surveyed. Those with the free e-mail service were -0.3333 points less satisfied. The value of σM1 - M2 was 0.66050.a. What is the best point estimate for the difference in satisfaction for the next customers
The difference over the speed limit drivers went when speed was monitored by a visible police car versus a warning sign. A visible police car led to -5.125 fewer excess miles per hour than the warning sign for eight drivers in each condition. The value of the σM1 _M2 was 1.96112. a. What is the
The number of large versus small posters displayed by homeowners supporting the candidate Elena Martin. Posters of each type were sent to homeowners supporting her in each of 10 districts. On average, supporters displayed 8.2 more small posters than large posters. The value of the o"^^ was 2.62. a.
A researcher conducts a one-tailed two-sample t test on 32 subjects (16 subjects in each group) and finds that t = 2.182.1. How many degrees of freedom are there in this study?2. Estimate the actual Type 1 error for this study.3. If the researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, how
A researcher conducts a one-tailed two-sample t test on 32 subjects (16 subjects in each group) and finds that t = 2.182. a. How many degrees of freedom are there in this study? b. Estimate the actual Type 1 error for this study. c. If the researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, how
A researcher conducts a one-tailed two-sample t test on 32 subjects (16 subjects in each group) and finds that t = 2.182. a. How many degrees of freedom are there in this study? b. Estimate the actual Type 1 error for this study. c. If the researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, how
Use the values given in Exercise 8 for the following: a. What is F if the treatment effect is doubled but random error stays the same? For purposes of this question, assume that random error falls only in the denominator (which it primarily does). b. What is F if the treatment effect stays the same
Examine the following ANOVA summary table:b. Assuming equal numbers of subjects per group, how many subjects were in each group?c. What is the tabled critical value of F at the .01 level?d. What level of confidence can you have in rejecting the null hypothesis? Conversely, if you reject the null
A pharmaceutical company is running clinical trials on four experimental drugs-Drug A through Drug D-for treating a medical disorder. Four groups of 20 patients with identical diagnoses and symptoms are given one of the five drugs. Symptom improvement is measured on a scale with higher value's
Twenty-four coworkers want to see whether various routes differ in the time it takes toget to work. Starting from points equidistant from work, eight coworkers take publictransportation, eight drive on the highway, and eight take back roads. Below are theirreported times in minutes for the
A professor wonders if the number of hours students spend studying during the week before final exams is a function of their GPAs until that point. Ten students in four separate GPA brackets report the amount of time they spend studying during the final week of the semester. The GPA brackets are
Lore has it that small dogs bark more than larger dogs. To test the lore, a kennel ownerlogged the number of separate barking episodes per day for three size dogs: small,medium, and large. To represent each size fairly, four different breeds were included ineach size categories. Here are the
"Everyone knows" that certain college majors are associated with larger salaries for graduates. Is that really so? Here are the annual salaries (in thousands of dollars) for 8 randomly selected graduates from four different majors-English, accounting, psychology, and chemistry-5 years after
Assume the following data for a study:Conduct a Tukey HSD on the ANOVA at Î± = .01. Between which pair(s) does the statis-tical significance lie?
The effect of difference in travel route on time takento arrive at work. Here is the AN0VA summary table:Conduct a Tukey HSD on the AN0VA at a =.01. Betweenwhich pair(s) does the statis-tical significance lie?For Information: Exercise 2 in Module 25 examined.
Exercise 4 in Module 25 examined the relationship between hours spent studying for final exams and overall GPA. Here is the ANOVA summary table:Conduct a Tukey HSD on the ANOVA at a = .01. Between which pair(s) does the statistical significance lie?
Conduct a Tukey HSD on the ANOVA at a = .01. Between which pair(s) does the statistical significance lie?
Conduct a Tukey HSD at α = .01. Between which pair (s) does the source of the statistical significance lie? For Information: Exercise 8 in Module 25 examined salary as a function of college major.
The effect of difference in travel route on time taken to arrive at work. Here is the ANOVA summary table:Here is the raw score data table: Conduct a Scheffe test on the ANOVA at a = .01. Between which pair(s) does the statistical significance lie? For Information: Exercise 2 in Module 25 examined.
The relationship between hours spent studying for final exams and final GPA. Here is the ANOVA summary table:Conduct a Scheffe test on the ANOVA at a = .01. Between which pair(s) does the statistical significance lie? For Information: Exercise 4 in Module 25 examined.
A college registrar is studying the effect of length of commute (in miles) and gender on the number of absences per semester in the students' first registered M-W-F class of the day. Here are the mean numbers of absences per semester in the first registered M-W-F class of the day for each group:a.
A sociologist is studying the age at which girls have their first child as a function of the parents' socioeconomic status (SES) and mother's religiosity. Here are the mean ages for girl's first child for each group:a. What are the independent variables? What is the dependent variable?b. How many
For the following 2 x 2 ANOVA tables, decide whether or not there appears to be (a) a main effect for IV1, (b) a main effect for IV2, and/or (c) an interaction effect.16.1.
For the following graphs of 2 x 2 ANOVAs, decide whether or not there appears to be (a) a main effect for IV1 (graphed as dots along the horizontal X-axis), (b) a main effect for IV2 (graphed as two separate lines), and/or (c) an interaction effect. Explain your answers.
For the following graphs of 3 x 3 ANOVAs, decide whether or not there appears to be (a) a main effect for IV1 (graphed as dots along the horizontal X-axis), (b) a main effect for IV2 (graphed as three separate lines), and/or (c) an interaction effect. Explain your answers.
The following data are the number of cans of beverage fraternity members versus new plebes drink during an evening at an on-campus versus off-campus party. N = 32, with each participant appearing in only one experimental condition (cell):a. What is the dependent variable? What are the independent
The following data are the number of milliseconds it takes for children who are 9, 13, or 17 years of age to decide if a stimulus on a target card appeared previously on a memory card, when the memory card contained either 1, 3, or 5 stimuli and when participants were either well rested or sleep
The number of times that dogs bark as a function of dog size. Now let's assume that the data in that exercise were for spayed/neutered (s/n) dogs only. The kennel owner now wants to determine if dog size or neuter/spay status or both affect the number of barking episodes. Here are the data.a.
Salaries as a function of specific college majors. Now let's assume that the data were for those with only a bachelor's degree (Bach) in their field. Now the researcher wants to know if having a master's degree (Master) or specific college major or both determine salary. Here are the data.a.
High schoolers at a given high school show the following preferences for the one sport in which they are most interested: 30% prefer football, 25% prefer basketball, 11% prefer baseball, 5% prefer soccer, 3% prefer track, and 26% have no interest in any sport. A total of 450 students attend this
A dorm has 86 men and 132 women living in it. The number of men and women at the college is 753 and 1,063, respectively. The dean of students wonders if this dorm's sex ratio reflects the sex ratio of the college.a. State the research hypothesis.b. What is the df for this study?c. Complete the
A published study says that 11% of university instructors are alumni of that college, 24% are from other colleges within the state, and 65% are from colleges in other states or countries. At one university, 63 instructors are alumni, 113 are from other colleges within the state, and 206 are from
Amy is the new resident director at her university. In the summer before school begins, she orders "for him" and "for her" welcome packages for the male and female residents of her dorm. Not yet knowing the genders of the incoming students in her dorm, she orders packages based on the university's
A study of college student cell phone use found usage to be broken down as text messaging 82%, phone calls 10%, and Internet surfing 8%. A dorm director asks students to log their use for one day. On average, the students used their phones 65 times that day, broken down as 43 text messages, 14
There are 25 children in a class: 15 boys and 10 girls. When report cards are issued, 10 "A" grades are given in mathematics. Seven of the "A" grades go to boys and 3 go to girls. The parents of the girls complain that boys receive significantly more "A" grades than girls do.a. What are the two
The college students' cell phone usage. Now assume that the dorm director wants to know if the usage is related to gender. She gathers cell phone usage data for several days as a function of the user's sex. Here are the observedaverage frequencies. Place the expected frequencies in the parentheses.
Sport fan preferences of high schoolers. Now assume that the athletic director wants to know if preferences differ between high schools. There are three high schools in the district. Based on a survey of all three schools, here are the preference data for each school. Place the expected frequencies
A college career officer wonders if the employment fields of graduates are more directly related to field of study for some majors than for others. She collects data on majors and jobs for 400 of the most recently employed graduates. Here is what she finds. Of the 240 who were employed in a field
You want to know whether men or women are more likely to take a set of stairs or an escalator. You position yourself in a shopping mall where a set of stairs and an escalator are near each other and equally accessible. During 1 hr, you record the gender and choice of each lone adult who enters
Whether the faculty in a particular college differ from nationwide faculty in three locations from which they earned their undergraduate degrees. There were 382 faculty at this college. The %2 goodness of fit was 22.40, a < .01. a. Compute the effect size for this study. b. Interpret the result: Is
Whether drinking frequency (frequent, infrequent) was related to class year (freshmen, sophomore, junior, senior). A total of 8,644 students were polled. The x2 test of independence was 155.16, a < .01. a. Compute Cramer's V effect size for this study. b. Interpret the result: Is there a practical
Whether adding a fragrance to a window cleaner led people to believe that it cleans better than an unscented product. There were 12 subjects in each group: scented or unscented. The mean cleaning effectiveness rating for the group getting the scented cleaner was 7.42. The mean cleaning
Whether the route that workers take to work affects commute time. Here are the results:a. Compute effect size Î· for this study.b. Interpret the result: Is there a practical difference in commute time between the three routes?For Information: Exercise 2 in Module 25 examined.
Whether the number of hours students spend studying during the week before final exams is a function of their GPAs until that point. Here are the results:a. Compute effect size ror this study. b. Interpret the result: Is there a practical difference in study time between students with different
Whether the faculty in a particular college differ from nationwide faculty in three locations from which they earned their undergraduate degrees. There were 382 faculty at this college. The %2 goodness of fit was 22.40, a < .01. a. Compute the effect size for this study. b. Interpret the result:
For each of the following, indicate whether the expected relationship between the two variables will be positive (+), negative (-), or zero (0):______a. Air temperature and the amount of snow on the ground______b. The number of minutes of exercise per day and score on a physical fitness
For each of the following, indicate whether the expected relationship between the two variables will be positive (+), negative (-), or zero (0):______a. Size of house and size of electric bill______b. Height of parents and height of children______c. Air humidity level and people's energy
Here is the stress level (scored 1-10, with higher scores = higher stress) for college freshmen during the first week of classes, middle week of classes, and last week of classes:a. Create three scatter plots: first week with middle week, first week with last week, and middle week with last
Which of these studies might be analyzed with a correlation? a. The cost of various cars when new and the amount of time before those cars need repair b. The number of illnesses reported per year by vegetarians versus non vegetarians c. The duration of fever for viral versus bacterial infections d.

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