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Statistics 13th Edition James T. McClave - Solutions

What is the difference between a one-way ANOVA and a two-way ANOVA?
Chronic Achilles tendon pain (i.e., tendinosis) is common among middle-aged recreational athletes. A group of Swedish physicians investigated the use of heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training to treat Achilles tendinosis (British Journal of Sports Medicine, Feb. 1, 2004). A sample of 25 patients
Mussel larvae are in great abundance in the drift material that washes up on Ninety Mile Beach in New Zealand. These larvae tend to settle on algae. Environmentalists at the University of Auckland investigated the impact of the type of algae on the abundance of mussel larvae in drift material
Refer to the Journal of Bacteriology (July 2002) study of the sensitivity of bacteria genes to light, presented in Exercise 9.142 (p. 492). Recall that scientists isolated 103 genes of the bacterium responsible for photosynthesis and respiration. Each gene was grown to mid-exponential phase in a
The cattle inhabiting the Biological Reserve of DoÃ±ana (Spain), live under free-range conditions, with virtually no human interference. The cattle population is organized into four herds (LGN, MTZ, PLC, and QMD). The Journal of Zoology (July 1995) investigated the ranging behavior of
Do you experience episodes of excessive eating accompanied by being overweight? If so, you may suffer from binge eating disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), in which patients are taught how to make changes in specific behavior patterns (e.g., exercise, eat only low-fat foods), can be
The Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment (Vol. 69, 2010) published a study of cemented sandy soils. The researchers applied one of three different sampling methods (rotary core, metal tube, or plastic tube) to randomly selected soil specimens, then measured the effective stress level
Trees that grow in flood plains are susceptible to overturning. This is typically due to floodwaters exposing the tree roots (called soil scouring). Environmental engineers at Saitama University (Japan) investigated the impact of soil scouring on the characteristics of overturned and uprooted trees
Can a secondary task-such as a word association task- improve your performance when driving while fatigued? This was the question of interest in a Human Factors (May 2014) study. The researchers used a driving simulator to obtain their data. Each of 40 college students was assigned to drive a long
What are the experimental units on which each of the following responses are observed? a. GPA of a college student b. Household income c. your time in running the 100-yard dash d. A patient's reaction to a new drug
Give a situation when it is most appropriate to apply Tukey's multiple-comparison-of means method.
When publishing research results, most medical journals advise authors to write using the "active" rather than the "passive" voice. The impact of the use of the passive voice in five top medical journals with differing writing style guidelines was investigated in Applied Linguistics (Dec. 2013).
Refer to the Materials Performance (Mar. 2013) study to compare two tests for steel corrosion of underground piping, Exercise 1.17 (p. 20). The two tests, which engineers call "instant-off" and "instant-on" potential, were applied to buried piping at a petrochemical plant in Turkey. Recall that
The potential of solar panels on roofs built above national highways as a source of solar energy was investigated in the International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering (Dec. 2013). Computer simulation was used to estimate the monthly solar energy (kilowatt-hours) generated from solar
When comparing the palatability of 1food items, numerical taste test scales are employed. For example, the Hedonic 9-point scale uses the following ratings: 1 = dislike extremely, 2 = dislike very much, 3 = dislike moderately, 4 = dislike slightly, 5 = neither like nor dislike, 6 = like slightly, 7
What is a balanced factorial design?
Describe what is meant by factor interaction.
Explain the difference between y and E(y) for a given x.
A handheld digital camera was used to photograph the moon's orbit and the pictures used to measure the angular size (in pixels) of the moon at various distances (heights) above the horizon (American Journal of Physics, April 2014). The photographer wanted to predict the moon's size based on the
Refer to the American Journal of Physics (Apr. 2014) study of the moon's orbit, Exercise 11.23 (p. 598). Recall that the angular size (y) of the moon was modeled as a straight-line function of height above horizon (x). A MINITAB printout showing both a 95% prediction interval for y and a 95%
Refer to the Journal of Biogeography (Dec. 2003) study of ant sites in Mongolia, presented in Exercise 11.26 (p. 599). You applied the method of least squares to estimate the straight-line model relating annual rainfall (y) and maximum daily temperature (x). A SAS printout giving 95% prediction
Refer to the Biology of Sport (Vol. 31, 2014) study of the physiological performance of top-level water polo players, Exercise 11.24 (p. 598). Recall that the in-game heart rate (y, expressed as a percentage of maximum heart rate) of a player was modeled as a straight-line function of the player's
Refer to the Chance (Summer 2008) study of the height of the ideal mate, Exercise 11.33 (p. 601). The data were used to fit the simple linear regression model, E(y) = β0 + β1x, where y = ideal partner's height (in inches) and x = student's height (in inches). One model was fitted for male
Refer to the Chemical Engineering Progress (Jan. 2005) study of the rate at which a spilled volatile liquid will spread across a surface, presented in Exercise 11.35 (p. 602). Recall that simple linear regression was used to model y = mass of the spill as a function of y = elapsed time of the
The journal Biology of Sport (Vol. 31, 2014) published a study of the physiological performance of top-level water polo players. Eight Olympic male water polo players participated in the study. Two variables were measured for each during competition: mean heart rate over the four quarters of the
Refer to the IEEE International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (2010) study of how social media (e.g., Twitter.com) may influence the products consumers buy, Exercise 11.36 (p. 603). Recall that opening weekend box office revenue (in millions of dollars) and tweet
The impact of dropping hollow balls was investigated in the American Journal of Physics (Mar. 2014). Standard ping-pong balls were dropped vertically onto a force plate. Upon impact, two variables were measured: y = coefficient of restitution, COR (measured as a ratio of the speed at impact and
To gain a competitive edge, lawyers aggressively advertise their services. Does legal advertising really pay? To partially answer this question, consider the case of an actual law firm that specializes in personal injury (PI) cases. The firm spends thousands of dollars each month on advertising.
In Denver, Colorado, environmentalists have discovered a link between high arsenic levels in soil and a crabgrass killer used in the 1950s and 1960s (Environmental Science & Technology, Sept. 1, 2000). The discovery was based, in part, on the accompanying scatterplots. The graphs plot the level
Mechanical engineers at the University of Newcastle (Australia) investigated the use of timber in high-efficiency small wind turbine blades (Wind Engineering, Jan. 2004). The strengths of two types of timber-radiata pine and hoop pine-were compared. Twenty specimens (called "coupons") of each
Real-estate investors, home buyers, and homeowners often use the appraised value of property as a basis for predicting the sale of that property. Data on sale prices and total appraised value of 78 residential properties sold recently in an upscale Tampa, Florida, neighborhood named Hunter's Green
Refer to the Journal of World-Systems Research (Winter 2004) study of student "sit-ins" for a "sweat-free campus" at universities, presented in Exercise 2.199 (p. 109). Data on the duration (in days) of each sit-in as well as the number of student arrests were measured. The data for 5 sit-ins in
Refer to the Brain and Behavior Evolution (Apr. 2000) study of the feeding behavior of black-bream fish, presented in Exercise 2.162 (p. 96). Recall that the zoologists recorded the number of aggressive strikes of two black-bream fish feeding at the bottom of an aquarium in the 10-minute period
What are the factors that allow a native Spanish-speaking person to understand and read English? A study published in the Bilingual Research Journal (Summer 2006) investigated the relationship of Spanish (first-language) grammatical knowledge to English (second-language) reading. The study involved
In the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology (Apr. 15, 2004), Egyptian scientists studied a new method for removing heavy metals from water. Metal solutions were prepared in glass vessels, and then biosorption was used to remove the metal ions. Two variables were measured for each test vessel: y =
An investigation of the properties of bricks used to line aluminum smelter pots was published in The American Ceramic Society Bulletin (Feb. 2005). Six different commercial bricks were evaluated. The life span of a smelter pot depends on the porosity of the brick lining (the less porosity, the
How do eye and head movements relate to body movements when a person reacts to a visual stimulus? Scientists at the California Institute of Technology designed an experiment to answer this question and reported their results in Nature (Aug. 1998). Adult male rhesus monkeys were exposed to a visual
Two species of predatory Birds-collard flycatchers and tits-compete for nest holes during breeding season on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Frequently, dead flycatchers are found in nest boxes occupied by tits. A field study examined whether the risk of mortality to flycatchers is related to the
At temperatures approaching absolute zero (-2730C), helium exhibits traits that seem to defy many laws of Newtonian physics. An experiment has been conducted with helium in solid form at various temperatures near absolute zero. The solid helium is placed in a dilution refrigerator along with a
Florida State University information scientists assessed the impact of online courses on student performance (Educational Technology & Society, Jan. 2005). Each in a sample of 24 graduate students enrolled in an online advanced Web application course was asked, "How many courses per semester
Botanists at the University of Toronto conducted a series of experiments to investigate the feeding habits of baby snow geese (Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 32, 1995). Goslings were deprived of food until their guts were empty and then were allowed to feed for 6 hours on a diet of plants or
Consider the following pairs of measurements.a. Construct a scatterplot of these data. b. What does the scatterplot suggest about the relationship between x and y? c. Given that SSxx = 43.4286, SSxy = 39.8571, yÌ… = 3.4286, and xÌ… = 3.7143, calculate the least squares
A handheld digital camera was used to photograph the moon's orbit and the results summarized in the American Journal of Physics (Apr.2014).The pictures were used to measure the angular size (in pixels) of the moon at various distances (heights) above the horizon (measured in degrees). The data for
The journal Biology of Sport (Vol. 31, 2014) published a study of the physiological performance of top-level water polo players. Eight Olympic male water polo players participated in the study. Two variables were measured for each during competition: y = mean heart rate over the four quarters of
Refer to the Analytical Chemistry (May 2010) study in which medical researchers tested a new method of typing blood using low-cost paper, Exercise 2.163 (p. 96). The researchers applied blood drops to the paper and recorded the rate of absorption (called blood wicking). The table gives the wicking
Astronomers call a shift in the spectrum of galaxies a "redshift." A correlation between redshift level and apparent magnitude (i.e., brightness on a logarithmic scale) of a quasi-stellar object was discovered and reported in the Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy (Mar. / Jun. 2003). Physicist D.
Pipes used in a water distribution network are susceptible to breakage due to a variety of factors. When pipes break, engineers must decide whether to repair or replace the broken pipe. A team of civil engineers used regression analysis to estimate y = the ratio of repair to replacement cost of
Refer to the American Journal of Physics (June 2010) study of sound waves in a spherical cavity, Exercise 2.43 (p. 52). The frequencies of sound waves (estimated using a mathematical formula) resulting from the first 24 resonances (echoes) after striking a basketball with a metal rod are reproduced
What are the four assumptions made about the probability distribution of e in regression? Illustrate the assumptions with a graph.
Visually compare the scatter plots shown below. If a least squares line were determined for each data set, which do you think would have the smallest variance s2? Explain.a.b. c.
If a straight-line probabilistic relationship relates the mean E(y) to an independent variable x, does it imply that every value of the variable y will always fall exactly on the line of means? Why or why not?
Refer to Exercises 11.18 and 11.21. Calculate SSE, s2, and s for the least squares lines obtained in those exercises. Interpret the standard errors of the regression model for each.
Recall that the angular size (y) of the moon was modeled as a straight-line function of height above horizon (x). Find an estimate of (, the standard deviation of the error of prediction, on the SAS printout (p. 598). Give a practical interpretation of this value.
Refer to the Biology of Sport (Vol. 31, 2014) study of the physiological performance of top-level water polo players, Exercise 11.24 (p. 598). Recall that data for eight Olympic male water polo players were used to model y = mean heart rate as a straight-line function of x = maximal oxygen uptake.
Refer to the Analytical Chemistry (May 2010) study in which medical researchers tested a new method of typing blood using low-cost paper, Exercise 11.25 (p. 599). The data were used to fit the straight-line model relating y = wicking length to x = antibody concentration. The SPSS printout
Chance (Fall 2004) published a study on modeling a certain pitch of a musical composition. Data on 147 famous compositions were used to model the number of times (y) a certain pitch occurs- called entropy-as a straight-line function of year of birth (x) of the composer. On the basis of the scatter
The data were used to estimate the straight-line model relating annual rainfall (y) to maximum daily temperature (x). a. Give the values of SSE, s2, and s, shown on the MINITAB printout (p. 599). b. Give a practical interpretation of the value of s.
When two targets are presented close together in a rapid visual stream, the second target is often missed. Psychologists call this phenomenon the attentional blink (AB). A study published in Advances in Cognitive Psychology (July 2013) investigated whether simultaneous or preceding sounds could
In the equation E(y) = β0 + β1x, what is the value of β1 if x has no linear relationship to y?
Construct both a 95% and a 90% confidence interval for β1 for each of the following cases: a. β̂1 = 31, s = 3, SSxx = 35, n = 12 b. β̂1 = 64, SSE = 1,960, SSxx = 30, n = 18 c. β̂1 = -8.4, SSE = 146, SSxx = 64, n = 24
Consider the following pairs of observations:a. Construct a scatterplot of the data. b. Use the method of least squares to fit a straight line to the six data points. c. Graph the least squares line on the scatterplot of part a. d. Compute the test statistic for determining whether x and y are
Two variables measured for each of 8 teams from the Punta Abreojos (PA) fishing cooperative were y = total catch of lobsters (in kilograms) during the season and x = average percentage of traps allocated per day to exploring areas of unknown catch (called search frequency). These data are listed in
Refer to the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (Spring 2004) study of scores on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT), first presented in Exercise 11.30 (p. 600). Consider the simple linear regression relating math score (y) to percentage (x) of students below the poverty
Find a 95% confidence interval for the true slope of the line. Interpret the result.
Recall that researchers developed two fragmentation indexes for each forest-one index for anthropogenic (human development activities) fragmentation and one for fragmentation from natural causes. Data on 5 of the 54 forests saved in the FRAG file are listed in the following table.a. Ecologists
The equation (deterministic) for a straight line is y = β0 + β1x If the line passes through the point 1 -2, 42, then x = -2, y = 4 must satisfy the equation; that is, 4 = β0 + β1(-2) Similarly, if the line passes through the point (4, 6), then x = 4, y = 6 must satisfy the equation; that is, 6
Giraffes are believed to have excellent vision. The journal African Zoology (Oct. 2013) published a study of giraffe eye characteristics. Data were collected for a sample of 27 giraffes inhabiting southeastern Zimbabwe. Of interest to the researchers was how these eye characteristics relate to a
In Medical Engineering & Physics (May 2013), researchers used fractal geometry to characterize human cortical bone. A measure of the variation in the volume of cortical bone tissue-called fractal dimension-was determined for each in a sample of 10 human ribs. The researchers used fractal dimension
Refer to the Chance (Winter 2006) investigation of the effects of elevation on slugging percentage in Major League Baseball, Exercise 2.160 (p. 96). Data were compiled on players' composite slugging percentages at each of 29 cities for the 2003 season, as well as on each city's elevation (feet
Refer to the Journal of Food Science (Feb. 2014) taste-testing study, Exercise 10.80 (p. 551). Recall that the researchers evaluated the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS), used to rate the palatability of food items on a scale ranging from -100 (for strongest imaginable dislike) to + 100 (for
Refer to the Bulletin of Marine Science (Apr. 2010) study of teams of fishermen fishing for the red spiny lobster in Baja California Sur, Mexico, Exercise 11.63 (p. 614). Recall that simple linear regression was used to model y = total catch of lobsters (in kilograms) during the season as a
Refer to the International Journal of Obesity (Jan. 2007) study of the physical activity of obese young adults, presented in Exercise 6.37 (p. 303). For two groups of young adults-13 obese and 15 of normal weight-researchers recorded the total number of registered movements (counts) of each young
Perception & Psychophysics (July 1998) reported on a study of how people view three-dimensional objects projected onto a rotating two- dimensional image. Each in a sample of 25 university students viewed various depth-rotated objects (e.g., a hairbrush, a duck, and a shoe) until they recognized
Refer to the African Zoology (Oct. 2013) study of giraffe eye characteristics, Exercise 11.71 (p. 615). Recall that the researchers fit a simple linear regression equation of the form ln (y) = β0 + β1 ln (x) + (, where y represents an eye characteristic and x represents body mass (measured in
Recall that college students repeatedly played a version of the game "prisoner's dilemma" and the researchers recorded the average payoff (y) and the number of times punishment was used (x) for each player. A negative correlation was discovered between x and y. a. Give the null and alternative
Refer to the British Journal of Sports Medicine (Apr. 2000) study of the effect of massage on boxing performance, presented in Exercise 11.70 (p. 615). Find and interpret the values of r and r2 for the simple linear regression relating the blood lactate concentration and the boxer's perceived
The role of child laborers in Africa's colonial-era diamond mines was the subject of research published in the Journal of Family History (Vol. 35, 2010). One particular mining company lured children to the mines by offering incentives for adult male laborers to relocate their families close to the
Refer to the Alpine Botany (Nov. 2012) study of rare plants that grow on the limestone cliffs of the Northern Swiss Jura mountains, Exercise 2.165 (p. 97). Data on altitude above sea level (meters), plant population size (number of plants growing), and molecular variance (i.e., the variance in
Use the applet entitled Regression by Eye to explore the relationship between the pattern of data in a scatterplot and the corresponding least squares model. a. Run the applet several times. For each time, attempt to move the green line into a position that appears to minimize the vertical
Use the applet entitled Correlation by the Eye to explore the relationship between the pattern of data in a scatterplot and the corresponding correlation coefficient. a. Run the applet several times. Each time, guess the value of the correlation coefficient. Then click Show r to see the actual
Consider the modely = Î²0 + Î²1x1 + Î²2x2 + Î²3x3 + Æwhere x1 is a quantitative variable and x2 and x3 are dummy variables describing a qualitative variable at three levels, using the coding schemeThe resulting least squares prediction
Consider the modely = Î²0 + ï¢1x1 + ï¢2x1 2 + ï¢3x2 + ï¢4x3 + ï¢5 x1x2+ ï¢6x1x3 + ï¢7 x12 x2 + ï¢8 x12 x3 + (Where x1 is a quantitative variable andThe
Refer to the Body Image: An International Journal of Research (Mar. 2010) study of the impact of reality TV shows on a college student's decision to undergo cosmetic surgery, Exercise 12.25 (p. 672). Consider the interaction model E(y) = β0 + β1x1 + β2x4 + β3x1x4, where y = desire to have
Refer to the American Journal of Physics (Mar. 2014) study of the impact of dropping ping-pong balls, Exercise 11.122 (p. 638). Recall that 19 standard ping-pong balls were dropped vertically onto a force plate. The data on y = coefficient of restitution (COR, measured as a ratio of the speed at
Refer to the Marine Mammal Science (Apr. 2010) study of whales entangled in fishing gear, Exercise 12.87, (p. 703). Now consider a model for the length (y) of an entangled whale (in meters) that is a function of water depth of the entanglement (in meters) and gear type (set nets, pots, or gill
Suppose you fit the first-order model y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + β4x4 + β5x5 + Ɛ to n = 30 data points and obtain SSE = .33 R2 = .92 a. Do the values of SSE and R2 suggest that the model provides a good fit to the data? Explain. b. Is the model of any use in predicting y? Test the null
Refer to the Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics (Mar. 2005) study of the chemical composition of rainwater, presented in Exercise 12.90 (p. 704). Recall that the nitrate concentration y (milligrams per liter) in a sample of rainwater was modeled as a function of water
What is a parsimonious model?
The complete model E(y) = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + β3x3 + β4x4 + Ɛ was fitted to n = 20 data points, with SSE = 152.66. The independent variables x3 and x4 were dropped from the model, yielding SSE = 160.44. a. How many β parameters are in the complete model? The reduced model? b. Specify the
How willing are you to donate your organs upon death? This was the question of interest in research published in Death Studies (Vol. 38, 2014). A sample of n = 307 Australians participated in the study. Willingness to donate organs upon death was measured for each participant on a 7-point scale (1
Refer to the Marine Mammal Science (Apr. 2010) study of whales entangled in fishing gear, Exercise 12.109 (p. 713). A first-order model for the length (y) of an entangled whale that is a function of water depth of the entanglement (x1) and gear type (set nets, pots, or gill nets) is written as
In Frontiers in Automobile and Mechanical Engineering (Nov. 2010), a model was developed to predict the thrust force when drilling into a hybrid metal composite. Three variables related to thrust force are spindle speed (revolutions per minute), feed rate (millimeters per minute), and fraction
An article in the Journal of Animal Ecology (July 2006) discussed some of the caveats of using stepwise regression. An example presented used stepwise regression to find the best predictors of the number of yellowhammers inhabiting lowland farms in the United Kingdom. Nine potential independent
A study of sex offenders in the Canadian Federal Prison System was published in the British Journal of Criminology (May 2014). The following data were collected for each of 59 male sex offenders: race, type of crime (violent or nonviolent), age at first conviction, and total number of criminal
Aluminum scraps that are recycled into alloys are classified into three categories: soft drink cans, pots and pans, and automobile crank chambers. A study of how these three materials affect the metal elements present in aluminum alloys was published in Advances in Applied Physics (Vol. 1, 2013).
Fossilized human footprints provide a direct source of information on the gait dynamics of extinct species. To gain insight into this phenomenon, a group of scientists used human subjects (16 young adults) to generate footprints in sand (American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Apr. 2010). One
Industrial engineers at the University of Florida used regression modeling as a tool to reduce the time and cost associated with developing new metallic alloys (Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, 2005). To illustrate, the engineers build a regression model for
The Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) at the University of South Florida conducted a survey of Bus rapid transit (BRT) customers in Miami (Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Jan. 2003). Data on the following variables (all measured on a five-point scale, where 1 = "very
Creativity and Innovation Management (Feb. 2008) published an article on identifying the social network characteristics of lead users of children's computer games. Data were collected for n = 326 children and the following variables measured: lead-user rating (y, measured on a 5-point scale),
Define multicollinearity in regression?

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