Do the data provide evidence that eating ultra-processed foods, as opposed to unprocessed food, causes people to consume more calories? The differences in weight gain, ultra-processed − unprocessed, are in the variable Kcal. 

(a) Is average daily caloric intake higher under the ultra-processed diet in the sample? By how much? 

(b) Is there evidence against explanation (ii)? Why or why not? 

(c) Is there evidence against explanation (iii)? Why or why not? 

(d) Based on your answers to (a), (b) and (c), do the data provide evidence that eating ultra processed foods, as opposed to unprocessed foods, causes people to consume more calories?