and 11.8. For each cell, subtract expected frequency from observed frequency and record the result in column 3. Square the value in column 3 and record the result in column 4, and then divide the value in column 4 by the expected frequency for that cell and record the result in column 5. Remember that the sum of column 5 in the computational table is the obtained chi square. As you proceed, double-check to make sure you are using the correct values for each cell.)

a. 20 25 45 25 20 45 45 45 90

b. 10 15 25 20 30 50 30 45 75

c. 25 15 40 30 30 60 55 45 100

d. 20 45 65 15 20 35 35 65 100