In selecting a first and second place winner from the group of four finalists consisting of Niki, George, Sophia, and Martha, the outcomes (George, Sophia) and

(Sophia, George) are two of the 12 distinct outcomes mentioned in Example 2.3-

3(c). However, if both winners will receive the same prize, so there is no distinction between the first and second place winner, the two outcomes will be counted as one

(since, in this case, George and Sophia will each receive the same prize). Similarly, if all three winners mentioned in Example 2.3-4

(d) receive the same prize there is no need to distinguish between the outcomes of the different stages because any arrangement of, for example, (Niki, George, Sophia) identifies the three equal winners.