Environmental Science 14th Edition Eldon Enger - Solutions

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What are the strengths and limitations of trial- and- error methods?
Why is collaboration a key element for social learning?
Why should we expect surprises in ecosystem behavior?
How does the concept of a tipping point help us to understand the possibility of abrupt and major changes in social- ecological systems?
Which aspects of the contaminated water supply system in Flint, Michigan reflect a wicked problem? Why?
Has decentralization of governance arrangements helped or hindered capacity to address wicked problems related to mining of minerals in the Philippines?
How does the concept of ambiguity complement or deepen our appreciation of wicked problems?
What is the significance of wicked problems for resource and environmental management?Why has climate change been described as a “super wicked problem”?
Should the Anthropocene be added as a new epoch to the geological time scale? Why?
What are the implications of the insights provided in the guest statement by Rangarirai Taruvinga regarding the complexity of social- ecological systems, and their implications for tipping points?
What is the role and function of the Environmental Protection Agency?
What role does lobbying play in the development of environmental policy?
Give some examples of international environmental conventions and treaties.
Why is environmentalism a growing factor in international relations?
In the past ten years, how has public opinion in the United States changed concerning the protection of the environment?
What are some of the criticisms of U.S. environmental policy?
What role does administrative law play in U.S. environmental policy?
What are some of the enforcement options in U.S. environmental policy?
What are the major responsibilities of each of the three branches of the U.S. government?
New treaties regarding free trade might enable some nations to argue that other nations’ environmental legislation is too restrictive, thereby imposing a barrier to trade that is subject to sanction.What special problems and possibilities might the new global economy present for environmental
Do you agree with William Ruckelshaus that current environmental problems require a change on the part of industrialized and developing countries that would be “a modification in society comparable in scale to the agricultural revolution . . . and Industrial Revolution”?What kinds of changes
How is it best, as a global society with many political demarcations, to preserve the resources that are held in common? What special problems does this kind of preservation entail?
Does a command-and-control approach to environmental problems, an approach that emphasizes regulation and remediation, make sense with global environmental problems such as global climate change, habitat destruction, and ozone depletion?
The authors of this text say that “we are progressing from an environmental paradigm based on cleanup and control to one including assessment, anticipation, and avoidance.” Do you agree with this assessment? Are there environmental problems that are harder to be proactive about than others?
Does chapter 20 have an overall point of view? If you were going to present the problems of environmental policy making and enforcement to others, what framework would you use?
Give examples of low-level radioactive waste.
What is high-level radioactive waste and how is it currently being controlled?
What is transuranic waste and how is it disposed of?
What are the primary sources of nuclear waste?
Why was the Basel Convention of the United Nations established?
List the two common technologies used to dispose of hazardous waste.
Describe five technologies for treating hazardous wastes.
Give three examples of how hazardous waste can be recycled.
Give three examples of how hazardous waste can be reduced at its source.
Describe the pollution-prevention hierarchy.
List the three kinds of industries most responsible for the release of toxic materials to the environment.
What are the goals of the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (SBLRBRA)?
Describe what is meant by the U.S. National Priorities List.
Why is CERCLA often known as Superfund?
What are the goals of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)?
List three requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
List three ways hazardous wastes enter the environment to become a problem.
List the three routes of entry of a hazardous material into the body.
What is a threshold level of exposure to a hazardous material and how is it determined?
Give an example of a persistent pollutant and a nonpersistent pollutant.
Give an example of synergism.
Distinguish between acute and chronic toxicity.
In addition to characteristic hazardous waste, how does the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency define a hazardous waste?
What is a characteristic hazardous waste?
List five different categories of hazardous materials.
Nuclear weapons testing had released nuclear radiation into the environment.These tests have always been justified as necessary for national security. Do you agree or not? What are the risks? What are the benefits?
Review the Issues & Analysis dealing with dioxins. How might the area be cleaned up? Who should be responsible for conducting the cleanup? To what levels would you suggest the area be remediated?Should the river water and sediments be treated as well? Should the residents in the area be consulted,
The disposal of radioactive wastes is a big problem for the nuclear energy industry. What are some of the things that need to be evaluated when considering nuclear waste disposal? What criteria would you use to judge whether a storage proposal is adequate or not?
Many economically deprived areas, Native American reservations, and developing countries that need an influx of cash have agreed, over significant local opposition, to site hazardous-waste facilities in their areas. What do you think about this practice? Should outsiders have a say in what happens
Look at this chapter’s section 19.6, “Hazardous-Waste Dumps—The Regulatory Response.” Do the authors present the information from a particular point of view? What other points of view might there be on this issue? What information do you think these other viewpoints would provide?
Go to the EPA’s website, access the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), and identify the major releasers of toxic materials in your area. Were there any surprises? Are there other releasers of toxic materials that might not be required to list their releases?
Scientists at the EPA have to make decisions about thresholds in order to identify which materials are toxic. What thresholds would you establish for various toxic materials? What is your reasoning for establishing the limits you do? What, if any, type of testing might you conduct to arrive at
How is landfill gas turned into electricity?
Why is food waste a growing concern? Describe how some communities are addressing the food waste issue.
Describe why electronic waste is becoming a major problem.
Describe the various types of composting and the role of composting in solid waste management.
Name several strategies that would help to encourage the growth of recycling.
Describe the importance of recycling household solid wastes.
Describe examples of source reduction.
What are four concerns associated with incineration?
Describe some of the problems associated with modern landfills.
What conditions favor incineration over landfills?
How is lifestyle related to the quantity of municipal solid waste generated?
Incineration of solid waste is controversial. Do you support solid waste incineration in general? Would you support an incineration facility in your neighborhood?
It is possible to have a high standard of living, as in North America and Western Europe, and not produce large amounts of solid waste.How?
How does your school or city deal with solid waste? Can solid waste production be limited at your institution or city? How? What barriers exist that might make it difficult to limit solid waste production?
Given that you have only so much time, should you spend your time acting locally, as a recycling coordinator, for example, or advocating for larger political and economic changes at the national level, changes that would solve the waste problems? Why? Or should you do nothing? Why?
How can you help solve the solid waste problem?
Why does a warming climate cause sea level to rise?
List five changes likely to occur to the hydrologic cycle as a result of a warmer climate.
How effective have human efforts been at controlling carbon dioxide release?
How will climate change affect human health?
Describe how increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will alter the oceans.
List three actions humans could take to reduce the release of additional greenhouse gases.
List five changes that are likely to occur to Earth and its ecosystems as a result of global warming.
How do greenhouse gases cause a warming of the Earth?
What are the primary greenhouse gases and how do human activities affect their concentrations?
How does each of the following help us understand climate change?a. studies of the flowering times of plantsb. measurements of the pH of the oceanc. satellite photos of the amount of snow in an aread. sea level measurementse. gas bubbles trapped in glaciersf. migration patterns of birds
Why are geologic studies important to the understanding of climate change?
China and the United States are the top two countries in terms of greenhouse gas releases. Why is this true? What could be done to change this situation?
Some developing countries argue that they should be exempt from limits on the production of greenhouse gases and that developed countries should bear the brunt of the changes that appear to be necessary to curb global climate change. What values, beliefs, and perspectives underlie this argument?
Many people who deny that climate change is an issue look specifically at short-term data rather than long-term data. How does this distort the real picture of global climate change?
Define noise.
Why do buildings often have poor air quality?
How does radon enter a home?
Explain why air pollution problems in economically developing countries are different from those in developed countries.
Give an example of a hazardous air pollutant.
What are the National Ambient Air Quality Standards?
What was done to protect stratospheric ozone?
Why is stratospheric ozone important?
What are the primary effects of acid rain on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?
What molecules produce acid rain and how are they produced?
Describe three regulatory actions of the EPA that have significantly improved air quality and why they improved air quality.
Why do some cities have greater problems with smog than others?
How is each of the following involved in the production of photochemical smog: volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, thermal inversions, sunlight, automobiles, and ozone?

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Environmental Science 14th Edition Eldon Enger - Solutions

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