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macroeconomics
Exploring Macroeconomics 5th Edition Robert L. Sexton - Solutions
Given the volatility and dimensions of unemployment, governments view it as the result of inadequate demand, which is especially correctable through government policies. true or False.
Cyclical unemployment may result from an insufficient level of demand for goods and services. true or False.
Structural unemployment is easily measured and stable over time. true or False.
Structural employment can arise because jobs that require particular skills disappear. true or False.
Frictional unemployment, while not good in itself, is a by-product of a healthy phenomenon; and because it is short lived, true or False.it is not generally viewed as a serious problem. true or False.
Frictional unemployment results from persons being temporarily between jobs. true or False.
When the baby-boom generation began entering the labor force, it raised the labor force participation rate. true or False.
Unemployment means a loss of potential output.
The duration of unemployment tends to be greater when the amount of unemployment is low and smaller when the amount of unemployment is high. true or False.
In the short run, a reduction in unemployment may come at the expense of a higher rate of inflation. true or False.
Unemployment rates are usually similar across different segments of the population, but they vary substantially over time. true or False.
Some people working in the underground economy may be counted in labor statistics as unemployed, while others may be counted as not in the labor force. true or False.
People looking for full-time work who grudgingly settle for a part-time job are counted as employed, even though they are only “partly” employed. true or False.
Discouraged workers, who have not actively sought work for four weeks, are counted as unemployed. true or False.
Before 1960, variations in unemployment tended to be more pronounced than since 1960. true or False.
By far, the worst employment downturn in U.S. history was the Great Depression. true or False.
The civilian labor force figure excludes those in the armed services, prison, and mental hospitals, as well as homemakers, true or False.retirees, and full-time students, because they are not considered currently available for employment. true or False.
The unemployment rate is the number of people officially unemployed divided by a country’s population aged 16 or over. true or False.
Other things being equal, relatively high rates of unemployment are almost universally viewed as bad. true or False.
Economic growth is considered to be positive by all individuals. true or False.
Economic growth means a growth in real, per capita total output over time. true or False.
Even though the leading economic indicators do provide a warning of a likely downturn, they do not provide accurate information on the _____________ or _____________ of the downturn.
If the index of _____________ increases sharply for two or three months, it is likely (but not certain) that increases in the overall level of activity will follow.
Businesses, government agencies, and, to a lesser extent, consumers rely on economic _____________ to learn of forthcoming developments in the business cycles.
Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in summer months are _____________ actual unemployment rates because unemployment is normally _____________ in summertime as a result of the inflow of school-age workers into the labor force.
The _____________ is when an expansion comes to an end, that is, when output is at the highest point in the business cycle; while the _____________ is the point in time when output stops declining, that is, when business activity is at its lowest point in the business cycle.
Expansion occurs when output is _____________ significantly, unemployment is _____________, and both consumer and business confidence are _____________.
A business cycle has four phases: _____________, _____________, _____________, and _____________.
Business cycles refer to the _____________ fluctuations in economic activity, not to the _____________ trend in output.
The tendency is for nominal interest rates and inflation rates to move in the _____________ direction.
Groups try to protect themselves from inflation by using _____________ clauses in contracts.
If the inflation rate is _____________ anticipated, new creditors do not lose, nor do debtors gain, from inflation.
When creditors start expecting future inflation, there will be a(n) _____________ shift in the supply curve of loanable funds. Likewise, demanders of funds(borrowers) are more anxious to borrow because they think they will pay their loans back in dollars of lesser purchasing power than the dollars
The _____________ the interest rate, the greater the quantity of funds people will demand, ceteris paribus; the _____________ the interest rate, the greater the quantity of loanable funds supplied, ceteris paribus.
In most economic decisions, it is the _____________ rate of interest that matters, because it shows how much borrowers pay and lenders receive in terms of purchasing power.
The real interest rate equals the _____________ interest rate minus the _____________ rate.
_____________ costs are the costs of checking on your assets.
_____________ costs are the costs of changing posted prices.
In periods of high and variable inflation, households and firms have a difficult time distinguishing changes in _____________ prices from changes in the general price level, distorting the information that flows from price signals.
Inflation can _____________ one nation’s price level relative to price levels in other countries, which can lead to difficulties in financing the purchase of foreign goods or to a decline in the value of the national currency relative to that of other countries.
The _____________ that inflation creates can discourage investment and economic growth.
Retirees on fixed pensions, creditors, and those whose incomes are tied to long-term contracts can be hurt by inflation because inflation _____________ the purchasing power of the money they receive.
While the CPI and the GDP deflator move together, the CPI tends to be _____________ volatile.
A price index is equal to the cost of the chosen market basket in the _____________ year, divided by the cost of the same market basket in the _____________ year, times 100.
The CPI is the price index that is most relevant to _____________ trying to evaluate their changing financial position over time.
The GDP deflator measures the average level of prices of all _____________ goods and services produced in the economy.
The best-known price index is the _____________, which provides a measure of the trend in the prices of goods and services purchased for consumption purposes.
We must adjust for the changing purchasing power of the dollar by constructing a price _____________.
The __________ is the standard measure of inflation.
In general, the only thing that can cause a sustained increase in the rate of inflation is a(n) _____________ rate of growth in money.
Without price stability, consumers and producers will experience more difficulty in _____________ their plans and decisions.
The economy can _____________ exceed potential output as workers put in overtime or moonlight by taking on extra employment.
When the economy is experiencing cyclical unemployment, the unemployment rate is _____________ than the natural rate.
When all of the economy’s labor resources and other resources, such as capital, are fully employed, the economy is said to be producing its _____________ level of output.
The natural rate of unemployment may change over time as _____________, _____________, _____________, and other conditions vary.
The natural rate of unemployment is the median, or“typical,” unemployment rate, equal to the sum of _____________ and _____________ unemployment when they are at a maximum.
One can view unemployment rates below the _____________ rate as reflecting the existence of a below-average level of frictional and structural unemployment.
The natural rate of unemployment roughly equals the sum of _____________ and _____________ unemployment when they are at a maximum.
Job retraining programs have the potential to reduce _____________ unemployment.
Most of the attempts to solve the unemployment problem have placed an emphasis on increasing _____________.
_____________ unemployment is the most volatile form of unemployment.
_____________ unemployment reflects the existence of persons who lack the necessary skills for jobs that are available.
If individuals seeking jobs and employers seeking workers had better information about each other, the amount of frictional unemployment would be considerably _____________.
Frictional unemployment tends to be somewhat _____________ in periods of low unemployment, when job opportunities are plentiful.
Frictional unemployment is _____________ term and results from the _____________ turnover in the labor market.
The percentage of the population that is in the labor force is called the _____________ rate.
The duration of unemployment tends to be greater when the amount of unemployment is _____________ and smaller when the amount of unemployment is _____________.
Trying to match employees with jobs quickly may lead to significant inefficiencies because of _____________ between a worker’s skill level and the level of skill required for a job.
In the short run, a reduction in unemployment may come at the expense of a higher rate of _____________, especially if the economy is close to full capacity.
_____________ typically account for the largest fraction of those unemployed.
The four main categories of unemployed workers include job _____________ (temporarily laid off or fired), job _____________ (quit), _____________(worked before and now reentering the labor force), and _____________ (entering the labor force for the first time).
Some people working overtime or extra jobs might be considered to be _____________ employed.
_____________ workers, who have not actively sought work for four weeks, are not counted as unemployed;instead, they fall out of the _____________.
The labor force is the number of people over the age of 16 who are either _____________ or ____________.
The unemployment rate is the number of people officially _____________ divided by _____________.
With high rates of unemployment, society loses some potential _____________ of goods and services.
Concern over both unemployment and price instability led to the passage of the _____________, in which the United States committed itself to policies designed to reduce unemployment in a manner consistent with price stability.
Three major macroeconomic goals are maintaining employment at _____________ levels; maintaining prices at a(n) _____________ level; and achieving a(n)_____________ rate of economic growth.
Why were those who took out hybrid loans at far greater risk of foreclosure when the Fed began raising interest rates?
Why would history and the role of Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac have made investors consider mortgagebacked securities to be safe?
What impact did the higher interest rate of 2005 have on the housing market?
What role did relaxed standards for mortgage loans have on the housing market?
What impact did low short-term interest rates have on the housing market?
What role did the housing market play in the financial crisis?
Could the crowding-out effect sometimes be called the crowding-in effect?
Other things equal, which direction will an increasing budget surplus change the equilibrium interest rate, the loanable funds supply curve, the level of investment in the economy, and the likely rate of economic growth?
What would happen to the equilibrium interest rate and quantity of loanable funds exchanged if both the loanable funds demand and supply curves shifted right? What if the loanable funds demand curve shifted right and the loanable funds supply curve shifted left?
What factors can shift the supply of loanable funds curve?
What factors can shift the demand for loanable funds curve?
How are shortages and surpluses eliminated in the loanable funds market?
How is the real interest rate determined?
Why does the supply of loanable funds curve slope upward?
Why does the demand for loanable funds curve slope downward?
If net taxes rise, what happens to private saving? To public saving?
Why does Y C G S in a simple, closed economy?
How do you calculate a price-earnings ratio?
What is a dividend?
What is the random walk?
What are some of the reasons that stock prices rise and fall?
Why are issues of new stocks to finance business investments more common in periods of high and rising stock prices?
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