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probability statistics
Using And Interpreting Statistics 3rd Edition Eric W. Corty - Solutions
The term for the error that occurs when the null hypothesis should be rejected but isn’t is _____.
In hypothesis testing, one wants to keep the probability of Type I error _____ and still have a reasonable chance to _____ the null hypothesis.
When alpha is set low, say, at .01, the chance of being able to reject the null hypothesis is larger/smaller.
If the cost of making a Type I error is high, one might set alpha at _____. (p. 18)
If α = .05, then the probability of making a Type I error is _____. (p. 18)
Type _____ error occurs when one rejects the null hypothesis but shouldn’t have. (p. 18)
With hypothesis testing, one can / can’t be sure that the conclusion about the null hypothesis is correct. (p. 18)
It is an incorrect conclusion in hypothesis testing if one _____ the null hypothesis and it should have been rejected.
It is a correct conclusion in hypothesis testing if one rejects the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis should _____. (p. 18)
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis, one says there is _____ evidence to conclude that the independent variable affects the dependent variable. (p. 18)
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis for a single-sample z test, one does/does not need to be concerned about the direction of the difference between the sample mean and the population mean. (p. 18)
_____, in APA format, means the null hypothesis was not rejected. (p. 18)
_____, in APA format, means the null hypothesis was rejected. (p. 18)
APA format indicates what statistical test was done, how many _____ there were, what the value of the _____ was, what _____ was selected, and whether the null hypothesis was _____. (p. 18)
If the result of a single-sample z test is statistically significant, that means the sample mean is _____ from the population mean. (p. 18)
If one rejects the null hypothesis, one can decide the direction of the difference by comparing the _____ to the _____. (p. 18)
The first question to be addressed in an interpretation is whether one _____ the null hypothesis.
The denominator in calculating a single-sample z test is _____. (p. 18)
The numerator in calculating a single-sample z test is the difference between the _____ and the _____. (p. 18)
If alpha equals _____, then a rare event is something that happens at most only 5% of the time. (p. 18)
_____ is the abbreviation for alpha. (p. 18)
The alpha level is the probability that an outcome that is _____ to occur if the null hypothesis is true does occur. (p. 18)
If _____ ≥ _____, reject the null hypothesis.(p. 18)
If _____ ≤ _____, reject the null hypothesis. (p. 18)
The z scores that are the critical values for a two-tailed, singlesample z test with alpha set at .05 are _____ and _____. (p. 18)
Statisticians say that something that happens more than _____% of the time is common and less than or equal to _____% of the time is rare. (p. 18)
If the sample mean falls in the rare zone, then this is a _____ event if the null hypothesis is true.
If the observed mean falls in the common zone, then what was expected to happen if the _____ is true did happen.
It is rare that a sample mean will fall in the _____ of the sampling distribution of the mean.
Sample means will commonly fall in the _____ of the sampling distribution of the mean.
The common zone of the sampling distribution of the mean is centered around a z score of _____. (p. 18)
The alternative hypothesis for a single-sample z test says that the population mean is not what the _____ indicated it was. (p. 18)
The null hypothesis for a single-sample z test says that the _____ is a specific value.
Independence of observations within a group means that the cases don’t _____ each other. (p. 18)
The random sample assumption for a single-sample z test says that the _____ is a random sample from the _____. (p. 18)
In order to use a single-sample z test, one must know the _____ standard deviation. (p. 18)
A single-sample z test is used to compare a _____ mean to a population _____. (p. 18)
Explaining, in plain language, what the results of a statistical test mean is called _____. (p. 18)
When the value of the test statistic meets or exceeds the critical value of the test statistic, one _____ the null hypothesis. (p. 18)
The decision rule involves finding the _____ of the test statistic. (p. 18)
Once the data are collected, it is OK/not OK to change from a twotailed test to a one-tailed test. (p. 18)
It is easier to reject the null hypothesis with a _____-tailed test than a _____-tailed test. (p. 18)
A two-tailed test allows one to test for a positive or a negative effect of the _____ on the _____. (p. 18)
A two-tailed test has _____ hypotheses. (p. 18)
If a robust assumption is violated, one _____ proceed with the test. (p. 18)
If the _____ of a hypothesis test aren’t met, one can’t be sure what the results mean. (p. 18)
In the first step of hypothesis testing, one picks a _____. (p. 18)
The six steps of hypothesis testing, in order, are _____. (p. 18)
The mnemonic to remember the six steps of hypothesis testing is _____. (p. 18)
One shouldn’t expect the sample mean to be exactly the same as the population mean because of _____. (p. 18)
Because the null and alternative hypotheses are mutually exclusive, if one is not true, then the other is _____. (p. 18)
When the null hypothesis is rejected, the researcher is forced to accept the _____. (p. 18)
It takes just one example to _____ a negative statement. (p. 18)
The hypothesis a researcher believes is really true is the _____ hypothesis. (p. 18)
The null hypothesis says that the explanatory variable does/does not have an impact on the outcome variable. (p. 18)
The null hypothesis is a _____ prediction and a _____ statement. (p. 18)
The null and alternative hypotheses must be _____ and _____. (p. 18)
A hypothesis is a statement about a _____ not a _____. (p. 18)
If what is observed in a sample is close to what is expected if the hypothesis is true, there is little reason to question the _____. (p. 18)
The procedure by which the observation of a _____ is used to evaluate a hypothesis about a _____ is called _____. (p. 18)
A hypothesis is a proposed _____ for observed _____. (p. 18)
A researcher believes the population mean is 20 and the population standard deviation is 4. He takes a random sample of 64 cases from the population and calculates M = 20.75. (a) Do the calculations for a single-sample z test and (b) report the results in APA format. (p. 18)
If M = 19.40, µ is 22.80, and σM = 4.60, what is z? (p. 18)
If N = 55 and σ = 12, what is σM? (p. 18)
Explain this statement: “Hypothesis testing involves comparing what is observed to happen in an experiment to what is expected to happen.” (p. 18)
How do the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis differ? (p. 18)
For each scenario below, determine the level of measurement of the variable in bold.a. Adopted children are compared to nonadopted children on the 25-item Smith Attachment Checklist to see whether adoption status affects attachment level.b. A researcher believed that amount of sleep influenced
Given an interval-level variable, make a grouped frequency distribution.Use i = 10, start the lowest interval at 20, and report the midpoint,f, fc,%, and %c. The data are given below—note that they are already organized from low to high.26 40 47 51 55 61 30 40 47 51 56 61 33 41 47 52 57 62 33 42
For each scenario, indicate whether the design is correlational (C), experimental (E), or quasi-experimental (QE). For the variable in bold, indicate whether it is a predictor variable (PV), criterion variable (CV), independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), or grouping variable (GV).a. A
Answer both parts.a. A researcher obtained a random sample of 75 teenagers from the United States. She had each teenager keep track of how many times he or she checked his or her phone for texts or tweets during one 24-hour period. Given M = 157 and s = 32, calculate the 95% confidence interval for
a. For a sample of 50 cases from a population, put these in order from smallest to largest:σ, σ2, s, s 2: _____b. Assume that conscientiousness is normally distributed. A researcher develops a new way to measure it. If almost 100% of the scores fall from 15 to 45, then s = _____.
Answer all parts. Given 7, 9, 4, 11, and 14,a. ΣX = _____b. M = _____c. Σ(X − M) = _____d. Σ(X − M)2 = _____e. s = _____f. Mdn = _____
Which would be narrower, a 90% confidence interval or a 99%confidence interval?
Given N = 81, σ = 12, and M = 100, calculate a 90% confidence interval for the population mean.
A mean picked at random from a sampling distribution of the mean has a _____% chance of capturing the population mean if 1.96 σM brackets are extended from it.
Given M = 250, s = 60, and N = 180, calculate the 95% confidence interval for µ and report it in APA format.
Given M = 17, σ = 8, and N = 55, calculate the 95% confidence interval for µ and report it in APA format.
How often will a 95
How often will a 95% confidence interval for µ capture the population mean?
What is the difference between a point estimate and an interval estimate for a population value?
If σ = 12 and N = 78, what is σM?
Researcher X takes repeated, random samples of size N = 10 from a population, calculates a mean for each sample, and constructs a sampling distribution of the mean. Researcher Y takes repeated, random samples of size N = 100 from the same population, calculates a mean for each sample, and
There’s a small town in Ohio that has a population of 6 and each person has his or her blood pressure measured. The people are labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F. If one were to draw repeated, random samples of size N = 2 to make a sampling distribution of the mean, how many unique samples are there?
What are three facts derived from the central limit theorem?
How can one minimize sampling error?
There are 50 students in a class and they count off from 1 to 50.Describe how to draw a random sample of 10 students.
What causes sampling error?
What is the consent rate for a sample?
What does it mean if a sample is representative of a population?
Another researcher decides to call something rare if it should happen no more than 1% of the time. What z scores should he use as cutoff scores?
A researcher decides to call something rare if it should happen no more than 10% of the time. What z scores should she use as cut-off scores?
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it falls at least 4 standard deviations away from the mean?
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it does not fall within half a standard deviation of the mean?
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it falls within 2.1 standard deviations of the mean?
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it falls within .38 standard deviations of the mean.
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it falls at or below 2.7 standard deviations below the mean.
What is the probability, for a score picked at random from a normal distribution, that it falls at or above 3 standard deviations above the mean.
What are the SAT subtest scores associated with the extreme 8% of scores?
What are the SAT subtest scores associated with the extreme 15% of scores?
Paolo, a kindergarten student was given a pack of colored construction paper with 10 pages each of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, black, and white. His favorite color is green.What is the probability, if he selects a page at random, of picking a green one?
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