1 Without looking back at the text (to start with anyway!) decide, for the following research projects, whether the design is longitudinal (panel, time lag or cross-sectional short-term longitudinal), crosssectional or cross-cultural.

(a) Samples of children aged four, six and eight are given various Piaget-type problems to solve.

(b) A sample of children is tested on Piaget-type problems when the children are four, six and eight years old.

(c) UK and Iranian five-year-old children are compared on several Piaget-type tasks.

(d) UK and Iraqi children are compared at four, six and eight years old on their development of storytelling ability.

(e) Samples of 18-year-old school leavers are tested on school attitudes in 2004, 2008 and 2012.

(f) People of 54, 56 and 58 years old are studied for a period of six years as they approach retirement in order to assess changing attitudes towards the world of work.

(g) A large group of children is assessed on the number of hours they spend per week on video games and on literacy skills in two waves two years apart.