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statistics principles and methods

Statistics The Exploration And Analysis Of Data 6th Edition John M Scheb, Jay Devore, Roxy Peck - Solutions

=+1. Design an experiment to compare times to identify colors when they appear as text to times to identify colors when there is no need to inhibit a word response. Indicate
=+colors more quickly if they do not have to inhibit the word response, as would be the case if they were shown the following:
=+blue, green, red, green), it takes them longer. Psychologists believe that this is because the reader has to inhibit a natural response (reading the word) and produce a different response (naming the color of the text).If Stroop is correct, people should be able to name
=+However, Stroop found that if people are asked to name the text colors of the words in the list (red, yellow,
=+green blue red blue yellow red as quickly as they can read the list that isn’t printed in color.
=+green blue red blue yellow red It is easy to quickly read this list of words. It is also easy to read the words even if the words are printed in color, and even if the text color is different from the color of the word. For example, people can read the words in the list
=+1===+to read words quickly and that they cannot easily ignore them and focus on other attributes of a printed word, such as text color. For example, consider the following list of words:
=+ c t i v i t y 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect Background: In 1935, John Stroop published the results of his research into how people respond when presented with conflicting signals. Stroop noted that most people are able
=+3. Explain your plan to another pair of students. Ask them to critique your plan. Write a brief summary of the
=+that reasonably could be considered representative of the population of interest even if it may not be a simple random sample. Write a brief description of your sampling plan, and point out the aspects of your plan that you think make it reasonable to argue that it will be representative.
=+2. With your partner, decide how you might go about selecting a sample of 50 students from your school
=+1. Discuss with your partner whether you think it would be easy or difficult to obtain a simple random sample of students at your school and to obtain the desired information from all the students selected for the sample. Write a summary of your discussion.
=+50 students at your school to learn something about how many hours per week, on average, students at your school spend engaged in a particular activity (such as studying, surfing the Internet, or watching TV).
=+the following list, construct a question that would be comprehensible to students in grades 9–12 and that would provide information about the risk factor. Make your questions multiple-choice, and provide possible responses.a. Lack of exerciseb. Poor nutritionc. Emotional distressd. Sexual
=+2.56 A recent survey attempted to address psychosocial factors thought to be of importance in preventive health care for adolescents (“The Adolescent Health Review: A Brief Multidimensional Screening Instrument,” Journal of Adolescent Health [2001]: 131–139). For each risk area in
=+d. What is the respondent’s history of bone fractures?
=+c. How physically active is the respondent?
=+b. How much milk (and milk products) is consumed by the respondent?
=+a. How much “cola” beverage does the respondent consume?
=+parts (a)–(d), construct two questions that might be included in a survey of teenage girls. Each question should include possible responses from which the respondent can select. (Note: The questions as written are vague. Your task is to clarify the questions for use in a survey, not just to
=+2.55 Doctors are concerned about young women drinking large amounts of soda and about their decreased consumption of milk in recent years (“Teenaged Girls, Carbonated Beverage Consumption, and Bone Fractures,” Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine [2000]: 610–613). In
=+c. How might the tendency toward positive selfpresentation affect the responses of a bystander to the survey questions you wrote for Part (a)?
=+b. How might the tendency toward positive selfpresentation affect the responses of the fighter to the survey questions you wrote for Part (a)?
=+a. Write a set of questions that could be used in the two surveys. Each question should include a set of possible responses. For each question, indicate whether it would be used on both surveys or just on one of the two.
=+participants, and the other is to be given to students who witnessed the fight. The type of information desired includes (1) the cause of the fight, (2) whether or not the fight was a continuation of a previous fight, (3) whether drugs or alcohol was a factor, (4) whether or not the fight was
=+2.54 In national surveys, parents consistently point to school safety as an important concern. One source of violence in junior high schools is fighting (“Self-Reported Characterization of Seventh-Grade Student Fights,”Journal of Adolescent Health [1998]: 103–109). To construct a knowledge
=+c. One problem with the pet-related questions is the reliance on memory. That is, parents may not actually remember when they got their pets. How might you check the parents’ memories about these pets?
=+b. It is generally thought that low-income persons, who tend to be less well educated, have homes in environments where the four environmental factors are present. Mindful of the importance of comprehension, can you improve the questions in Part (a) by making your vocabulary simpler or by
=+a. Write a set of questions that could be used in a survey to be given to parents of young children suffering from asthma. The survey should include questions about the presence of pets in the first year of the child’s life as well as questions about the presence of pets today. Also, the survey
=+Risk of Allergic Sensitization at 6 to 7 Years of Age,”Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]:963–972). Some environmental factors that trigger an asthmatic response are (1) cold air, (2) dust, (3) strong fumes, and (4) inhaled irritants.
=+(Sorry, they cannot reduce the total time spent in school during the day!)ndition characterized by ies have suggested that od exposure to some ani-ring the first year of life he First Year of Life and
=+If they could change the starting and ending times of the school day, what would they suggest?
=+Does sleepiness interfere with schoolwork?
=+How much sleep do the respondents get? Is this enough sleep?
=+a particular issue. For example, responses might be different for weekends and school nights. You may also have to define some terms to make the questions comprehensible to the target audience, which is adolescents.Topics to be addressed:
=+2.52 Fast-paced lifestyles, where students balance the requirements of school, after-school activities, and jobs, are thought by some to lead to reduced sleep. Suppose that you are assigned the task of designing a survey that will provide answers to the accompanying questions. Write a set of
=+d. “Based on what you know now, do you think there is a link between the destruction of tropical forests and changes in the earth’s atmosphere?”
=+c. “Do you think we have an obligation to prevent the man-made extinction of animal and plant species?”
=+b. “Considering what you know about vanishing tropical forests, how would you rate the problem?”
=+a. “Di being destroyed at the rate of 80 acres per minute?”
=+being cut and burned to the ground at an alarming rate.”“Never in history has mankind inflicted such sweeping changes on our planet as the clearing of rain forest taking place right now!”The su Parts (or phr the res
=+2.51 A tropical forest survey conducted by Conservation International included the following statements in the material that accompanied the survey:“A massive change is burning its way through the earth’s environment.”“The band of tropical forests that encircle the earth is
=+3. In what season of the year did you move to Cedar Rapids?
=+2. How old were you when you moved to Cedar Rapids?
=+1. In what year did you move to Cedar Rapids?
=+c. Why do you think the experimenters used sheep rather than human subjects?
=+b. The experiment compared only an amalgam filling treatment group to a control group. What would be the benefit of also including a resin filling treatment group in the experiment?
=+a. In the experiment, a control group of sheep that received no fillings was used but there was no placebo group. Explain why it is not necessary to have a placebo group in this experiment.
=+health risk to those with some types of immune and kidney disorders. One experiment described in the article used sheep as subjects and reported that sheep treated with amalgam fillings had impaired kidney function.
=+2.50 The article “A Debate in the Dentist’s Chair” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 28, 2000) described an ongoing debate over whether newer resin fillings are a better alternative to the more traditional silver amalgam fillings. Because amalgam fillings contain mercury, there is concern
=+c. Does your design from Part (a) involve blinding? Is it single-blind or double-blind? Explain.
=+b. Does your design from Part (a) include a placebo treatment? Why or why not?
=+a. Describe how you might design an experiment using 100 female volunteers who suffer from PMS to determine whether the nasal spray reduces PMS symptoms.
=+2.49 Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania suggest that a nasal spray derived from pheromones (chemicals emitted by animals when they are trying to attract a mate) may be beneficial in relieving symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (Los Angeles Times, January 17, 2003).
=+2.48 The San Luis Obispo Tribune (May 7, 2002) reported that “a new analysis has found that in the majority of trials conducted by drug companies in recent decades, sugar pills have done as well as—or better than—antidepressants.”What effect is being described here? What does this imply
=+b. Although this was not an experiment, your answer to Part (a) helps to explain why those measuring the response in an experiment are often blinded. Using your answer in Part (a), explain why experiments are often blinded in this way.
=+a. Do you think that Denny’s chowder would have won the contest if the judging had not been “blind”? Explain.
=+Denny’s chowder was declared the winner! (When asked what the ingredients were, the cook at Denny’s said he wasn’t sure—he just had to add the right amount of nondairy creamer to the soup stock that he got from Denny’s distribution center!)
=+2.47 Pismo Beach, California, has an annual clam festival that includes a clam chowder contest. Judges rate clam chowders from local restaurants, and the judging is done in such a way that the judges are not aware of which chowder is from which restaurant. One year, much to the dismay of the
=+c. Do you think it is appropriate to generalize the results of this experiment to the population of all patients who have undergone surgery to clear blocked arteries?Explain.
=+b. Explain why it would be important for the researchers to have assigned the 205 subjects to the two groups(vitamin and placebo) at random.
=+a. Explain why a placebo group was used in this experiment.
=+2.46 An experiment to evaluate whether vitamins can help prevent recurrence of blocked arteries in patients who have had surgery to clear blocked arteries was described in the article “Vitamins Found to Help Prevent Blocked Arteries”(Associated Press, September 1, 2002). The study involved
=+sniffing exhaled breath. Dogs were trained to lay down if they detected cancer in a breath sample. After training, dogs’ ability to detect cancer was tested using breath samples from people whose breath had not been used in training the dogs. The paper states “The researchers blinded both
=+2.45 ▼ The article “Doctor Dogs Diagnose Cancer by Sniffing It Out” (Knight Ridder Newspapers, January 9, 2006) reports the results of an experiment described in the journal Integrative Cancer Therapies. In this experiment, dogs were trained to distinguish between people with breast and
=+c. Describe a design for an experiment that would allow researchers to determine whether bypass surgery plus cell injections was more effective than bypass surgery alone.
=+b. Explain why it is not possible to say whether any of the observed improvement was due to the cell injections, based on the results of this study.
=+a. Explain why it is not reasonable to generalize to the population of all heart attack victims based on the data from these 16 patients.
=+ just 23 percent. After bypass surgery and cell injections, this improved to 36 percent, although it was impossible to say how much, if any, of the new strength resulted from the extra cells.”
=+2.44 A novel alternative medical treatment for heart attacks seeds the damaged heart muscle with cells from the patient’s thigh muscle (“Doctors Mend Damaged Hearts with Cells from Muscles,” San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 18, 2002). Doctor Dib from the Arizona Heart
=+b. Explain why you think that the researchers included a control group in this study.
=+a. Why would it be important to determine if the researchers assigned the women participating in the study at random to one of the two groups?
=+who met once a week to discuss their hobbies and interests.At the end of 4 months, the art discussion group was found to have a more positive attitude, to have lower blood pressure, and to use fewer laxatives than the control group.
=+(AFP International News Agency, October 14, 2005). This conclusion was based on a study in which 20 elderly women gathered once a week to discuss different works of art. The study also included a control group of 20 elderly women
=+2.43 ▼ Swedish researchers concluded that viewing and discussing art soothes the soul and helps relieve medical conditions such as high blood pressure and constipation
=+d. An experiment that is not possible to blind
=+2.42 Give an example of an experiment for each of the following:a. Single-blind experiment with the subjects blindedb. Single-blind experiment with the individuals measuring the response blindedc. Double-blind experiment
=+2.41 Explain why blinding is a reasonable strategy in many experiments.
=+2.40 Explain why some studies include both a control group and a placebo treatment. What additional comparisons are possible if both a control group and a placebo group are included?
=+von learning biology concepts. An analysis of the relationship between status and “rate of talk” (the number of ontask speech acts per minute) during group work included gender as a blocking variable. Do you think that gender is a useful blocking variable? Explain.
=+2.39 Is status related to a student’s understanding of science? The article “From Here to Equity: The Influence of Status on Student Access to and Understanding of Science” (Culture and Comparative Studies [1999]: 577–602) described a study on the effect of group discussions
=+27 centers to the two groups (standard care and classes with simple health literature) at random.
=+2.38 A study in Florida is examining whether health literacy classes and using simple medical instructions that include pictures and avoid big words and technical terms can keep Medicaid patients healthier (San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 16, 2002). Twenty-seven community health centers are
=+not take part in the program. Explain why this conclusion is valid only if the women in the experiment were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups.
=+showed children how to control their impulses, recognize the feelings of others, and get what they want without aggressive behavior. Others did not participate in the program. The study concluded that the program was effective because by the time young women in the program reached age 21, the
=+2.37 An article from the Associated Press (May 14, 2002)led with the headline “Academic Success Lowers Pregnancy Risk.” The article described an evaluation of a program that involved about 350 students at 18 Seattle schools in high crime areas. Some students took part in a program beginning
=+into two groups. Each subject took an IQ test. One group had to check email and respond to instant messages while taking the test while the second group took the test without any distraction. The distracted group had an average score that was 10 points lower than the average for the control
=+2.36 The Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London found that dealing with “infomania” has a temporary, but significant derogatory effect on IQ. (Discover, November 2005). In this experiment, researchers divided volunteers
=+b. Whether the right or left hand is used to operate the mouse was considered to be an extraneous variable. Are the potential effects of this variable addressed by blocking or direct control?
=+a. Are the potential effects of the extraneous variable stature (height) addressed by blocking or direct control?
=+0.7 cm), and 95th percentile (female 171.9 6 0.2 cm, male 185.7 6 0.6 cm) ranges . . . All subjects reported using their right hand to operate a computer mouse.This experimental design incorporated direct control and blocking.
=+in the study. Three groups of 4 men and 4 women were selected by their stature to represent the 5th percentile (female 152.1 6 0.3 cm, male 164.1 6 0.4 cm), 50th percentile (female 162.4 6 0.1 cm, male 174.1 6
=+2.35 The report “Comparative Study of Two Computer Mouse Designs” (Cornell Human Factors Laboratory Technical Report RP7992) included the following description of the subjects used in an experiment:Twenty-four Cornell University students and staff(12 males and 12 females) volunteered to
=+The article isn’t explicit about this, but in order for this to have been a well-designed experiment, it must have incorporated randomization. Briefly explain where the researcher would have needed to randomize in order for the conclusion of the experiment to be valid.
=+Endurox (two to three glasses per hour); then, in the second workout of each set, they cycled to exhaustion. When they drank chocolate milk, the amount of time they could cycle until they were exhausted was similar to when they drank Gatorade and longer than when they drank Endurox.
=+have found that chocolate milk effectively helps athletes recover from an intense workout. They had nine cyclists bike, rest four hours, then bike again, three separate times. After each workout, the cyclists downed chocolate milk or energy drinks Gatorade or
=+2.34 The following is from an article titled “After the Workout, Got Chocolate Milk?” that appeared in the Chicago Tribune (January 18, 2005):Researchers at Indiana University at Bloomington
=+d. What role does randomization play in your design?
=+why you did or did not include blocking in your design.
=+c. Does your experimental design use blocking? Explain

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