Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Susan A Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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Dividing a positive number by a negative number (or dividing a negative number by a positive number) produces a negative result.a. −12 ÷ 4 =−3b. −12/4 =−3c. 16 ÷ (−8) =−2d. 16/(−8) =−2
Dividing two negative numbers produces a positive result.a. −12 ÷−4 = 3b. −12/−4 = 3c. −16 ÷ (−8) = 2d. −16/(−8) = 2
Dividing two positive numbers produces a positive result.a. 12 ÷ 4 = 3b. 12/4 = 3c. 16 ÷ 8 = 2d. 16/8 = 2
Multiplying one positive number and one negative number produces a negative result.a. −3 × 9 =−27b. −3 (9) =−27c. 4 × (−3) =−12d. 4 (−3) =−12
Multiplying two negative numbers produces a positive result.a. −3 ×−9 = 27b. −3 (−9) = 27c. −4 × (−3) = 12d. −4 (−3) = 12
Multiplying two positive numbers produces a positive result.a. 6 × 9 = 54b. 6 (9) = 54−6 + (−4) =−10−6 − 4 =−10−3 + (−2) =−5−3 − 2 =−5 5 − (−4) = 9 5 + 4 = 9c. 4 × 3 = 12d. 4 (3) = 12
Subtracting one number from another number. (Hint: When subtracting a negative number from another number, two negative signs come in sequence, as in part (a). To solve the equations, change the two sequential negative signs into a single positive sign.)a.b. 5 − 8 =−3c. −6 − 3 =−9
Adding two numbers with opposite signs: Find the difference between the two numbers and assign the sign (positive or negative) of the larger number to the answer.a. 17 + (−9) = 8b. −16 + 10 =−6
Adding with negative numbers: Sum the absolute values of each number and place a negative sign in front of the sum. (Hint:When a positive sign directly precedes a negative sign, change both signs to a single negative sign.)a.b.
Adding with positive numbers: Add the two (or series of)numbers to produce a sum.a. 4 + 7 = 11b. 7 + 4 + 9 = 20c. 4 + 6 + 7 + 2 = 19
Attractive hosts and the price of a vacation rental, choosing the right statistical test, interpreting data, and data ethics: Researchers in the Netherlands examined whether a variety of characteristics of New York City vacation rental listings, including the attractiveness of the hosts, predicted
Giving versus receiving, choosing the right statistical test, interpreting data, and data ethics: In what some people call the “hedonic treadmill,” the pleasure we receive from something tends to go down over time. A rare night out at a fancy restaurant brings much happiness, but if you go
Photoshop, body image, and choosing the right statistical test: The lingerie company Aerie stopped modifying the photos of its models in an ad campaign that it called Aerie Real. Psychology researchers wondered whether this was just a publicity stunt or whether it could have a positive impact on
Food, negotiations, and choosing the right statistical test: Whether it’s a diplomatic engagement or just a family holiday, eating together can go a long way toward getting people on the same wavelength. One study looked at whether eating similar foods actually has an effect on how well we
Airport security, oppy-eared dogs, perceived friendliness, and choosing the right statistical test: A recent news headline asked,“Do Floppy-Eared Dogs Look Friendlier?”It then responded to its own question, also in the headline: “The T.S.A. Thinks So” (Mervosh, 2019). The Transportation
Cows with names and choosing the right statistical test:“Ermintrude, Daisy and La vache qui rit may produce as much as 454 pints more [milk] each year than cows with no names”(Gammell, 2009). So began a news report about a study of 516 British dairy farmers, in which cows with names were found
Ride-sharing data around the world and choosing the right statistical test: One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included a number of data points, many of which involved how Uber is used around the
Ride-sharing data and choosing the right statistical test:One of your authors lives in an urban area and sometimes relies on ride-sharing apps to get around. Her year-end report from Uber included two data points based on her own history with the app. The following questions quote from the report
Cats versus dogs and choosing the right statistical test:The American Veterinary Association (AVA) published data on dog and cat ownership in the United States (Duff, 2017). For each example, state the variables, identify what type of variable each is, indicate which is the independent variable and
Swearing and choosing the right statistical test: British linguistics researcher Jack Grieve created maps of which swear words are most common across regions of the United States(Carey, 2015). Using data from billions of tweets worldwide, he had a computer count the frequency of a range of curse
Researchers reported that they planned to collect data for a sample size of N = 128 to attain 80% power to detect a nding with a medium effect size, an alpha level of 0.05, and a two-tailed test.a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the Results section of their
For one of the main effects of a two-way ANOVA, researchers reported the following: F(1, 124) = 5.50, p = 0.02.a. Would the researchers report these statistics in the Methods section or the Results section of their research report? Explain your answer.b. We know from the p value, which is less than
Researchers conducted a study that compared two groups on a scale variable, and reported a condence interval around the difference between means of [−0.26, 1.74].a. Would the researchers report the condence interval in the Methods section or the Results section of their research report? Explain
Researchers studied mind wandering during video lectures using eye-tracking equipment. They reported that “We discarded data from three participants for technical failures that resulted in incomplete recording … which le a total of 72 participants for data analysis (mean age = 18.86 years, SD =
Researchers conducted a chi-square test for goodness of t comparing two groups and calculated a test statistic of 10.030. This corresponded to a p value of 0.002. They calculated an effect size of 0.09. There were 298 people in the analysis.How would you report these statistics in APA style?
Researchers compared three groups on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 2.39 with a sample of 559 people. The p value was 0.09. The mean for the rst group was 94.52 with a standard deviation of 95.93; the mean for the second group was 77.07 with a standard deviation of 66.28; and
Researchers compared 630 women and 570 men on a scale variable and calculated a test statistic of 7.50 with a sample of 392 people. The p value was less than 0.001. The mean for women was 54.7 with a standard deviation of 31.36, and the mean for men was 47.2 with a standard deviation of 31.75. The
Researchers conducted an independent-samples t test and calculated a test statistic of 13.48 with a sample of 392 people.The p value was less than 0.001. Means were 546 with a standard deviation of 122, and 411 with a standard deviation of 49. The 95% condence interval for the difference between
Which Open Science Framework badges exist and what does each mean?
When researchers preregister a study or provide data or materials at the time they publish their research, they either provide a permanent online link or upload a time-stamped document that cannot be altered. From the perspective of ethical, transparent science, why is this necessary?
In which section of a paper should researchers report information about their test statistic, p value, and effect size?
In which section of a paper should researchers report information about how they determined their sample size or their planned statistical analyses?
What is JARS, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
What is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, and why is it useful to researchers writing up the results of a study?
Based on the decision tree presented in Figure 16-1, what are the possible appropriate statistical tests for when there is at least one ordinal variable? (You only have to list the tests for this exercise.)
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for independence?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a chi-square test for goodness of t?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a two-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
What are the possibilities for the types of variables and research designs that would be analyzed with a factorial ANOVA?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way between-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a one-way within-groups ANOVA? What research design would be used?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with an independent-samples t test? What research design would be used?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a paired-samples t test? What research design would be used?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a single-sample t test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a z test? What do we need to know about the levels of the independent variable? What do we need to know about the population?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a regression analysis? What is the research question that a regression analysis addresses?
How many and what types of variables are analyzed with a Pearson correlation coefcient? What is the research question that a Pearson correlation coefcient addresses?
The prisoner’s dilemma, cross-cultural research, and hypothesis testing: In a classic prisoner’s dilemma game with money for prizes, players who cooperate with each other both earn good prizes. If, however, your opposing player cooperates but you do not (the term used is defect), you receive an
Gender bias, poor growth, and hypothesis testing:Grimberg et al., (2005) wondered whether gender biases were evident in referrals of children for poor growth. They believed that boys were more likely to be referred even when there was no problem—which is bad for boys because families of short
Utah was the rst U.S. state to implement a particularly strict drunk-driving law. As reporter Christopher Ingraham(2017) wrote,“At a [blood alcohol content (BAC)] of 0.08, a driver’s odds of getting into a crash are about four times greater than a sober driver’s. At 0.05, however, the crash
Reporter Aaron Carroll (2018) described a new study that warned of the risks of drinking, even a little. Carroll wrote,“The news warns that even one drink per day carries a risk. But how great is that risk? For each set of 100,000 people who have one drink a day per year, 918 can expect to
Police lineups, SPSS, and adjusted standardized residual: In Check Your Learning 15-8, we introduced the example of the Chicago Police Department’s study of lineups.The printout from SPSS soware at the bottom of this page depicts the data for the six cells.a. For simultaneous lineups, what is the
Premarital doubts, divorce, and chi square: In an article titled “Do Cold Feet Warn of Trouble Ahead?,” researchers studied 464 married heterosexual spouses to determine whether doubts before marriage were predictive of marital troubles, and divorce, later on (Lavner et al., 2012). The
Gender, ESPN, and chi square: Many of the numbers we see in the news could be analyzed with chi square. The feminist blog Culturally Disoriented examined the photos in the 2012“body issue” of ESPN The Magazine—the publication’s annual spread of photographs of nude athletes. The blogger
The General Social Survey, an exciting life, and relative risk: In How It Works 15.2, we walked through a chi-square test for independence using two items from the General Social Survey (GSS)—LIFE and MOBILE16. Use these data to answer the following questions.a. Construct a table that shows only
Romantic music, behavior, chi square, and effect size:Guéguen et al., (2010) investigated whether exposure to romantic music affects dating behavior. The participants, young, single, heterosexual French women, waited for the experiment to start in a room in which songs with either romantic lyrics
Gender, op-ed writers, and hypothesis testing: Richards(2006) reported data from a study by The American Prospect on the genders of op-ed writers who addressed the topic of abortion in The New York Times. Over a 2-year period, The American Prospect counted 124 articles that discussed abortion(from
Sex selection and hypothesis testing: Across all of India, there are only 933 girls for every 1000 boys (Lloyd, 2006), evidence of a bias that leads many parents to illegally select for boys or to kill their infant girls. (Note that this translates into a proportion of girls of 0.483.) In Punjab, a
Immigration, crime, and research design: “Do Immigrants Make Us Safer?” asked the title of a New York Times Magazine article (Press, 2006). The article reported ndings from several U.S.-based studies, including several conducted by Harvard sociologist Robert Sampson in Chicago. For each of the
Researching seles and types of variables: Here are three ways to assess data related to seles: (1) numbers of seles taken in a month, (2) whether you took any seles this past month, and (3) where you rank in terms of the number of seles you took in the past month. For example, Abdul might have
Sexual orientation, activism, and types of variables:Researcher Eric Swank (2018) analyzed survey data to determine whether people who are gay or lesbian are more likely than those who are heterosexual to become activists for various causes. Spoiler alert: Gays and lesbians are more likely than
Types of variables and student evaluations of professors: Weinberg et al., (2007) studied almost 50,000 students’ evaluations of their professors in nearly 400 economics courses at The Ohio State University over a 10-year period. For each of their ndings outlined here, state (i) the independent
Parametric or nonparametric test? For each of the following research questions, state whether a parametric or nonparametric hypothesis test is more appropriate. Explain your answers.a. Are women more or less likely than men to be economics majors?b. At a small company with 15 staff and one top
Gender, the Oscars, and nonparametric tests: In 2010, Sandra Bullock won an Academy Award for best actress. Shortly thereaer, she discovered that her husband was cheating on her. Headlines erupted about a supposed Oscar curse that befalls women, and many in the media wondered whether ambitious
Gender, salary negotiation, and chi square: Researchers investigated whether language in job postings affected the likelihood that women and men would negotiate regarding salary (Leibbrandt & List, 2012). Some job postings clearly indicated that the salary was negotiable, and others contained no
A nonparametric test and gender differences in obeying bicycling laws: Students at Hunter College studied bicycle safety in New York City (Tuckel & Milczarski, 2014). They reported data on cyclists who were riding their own bikes and were not cycling as part of their job (e.g., they were not riding
The following table represents the observed frequencies for hypothetical data on housing status and having a car. The table also includes the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells. Using this information and the criterion of 2, indicate for which of these cells there is a signicant
The following table (output from SPSS) represents the observed frequencies for the data presented in Exercise 15.24 and the adjusted standardized residuals for each of the cells.Using this information and the criterion of 2, indicate for which of these cells there is a signicant difference between
The following data are from a study of lung cancer patients in Turkey (Yilmaz et al., 2000). Use these data to calculate the relative likelihood of the patient being a smoker, given that a person is female rather than male.Nonsmoker Smoker Female 186 13 Male 182 723
Following are data for a chi-square test for independence.Observed Accidents No Accidents Rain 19 26 45 No rain 20 71 91 39 97 136a. Calculate the degrees of freedom for this test.b. Complete this table of expected frequencies.Expected Accidents No Accidents Rain No rainc. Calculate the test
Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of t to complete this exercise.Category Observed(O)Expected(E)O − E (O − E)2 (O − E)2 E1 750 625 2 650 625 3 600 625 4 500 625a. Calculate degrees of freedom for this chi-square test for goodness of t.b. Perform all of the
Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of t to complete this exercise.Category Observed(O)Expected(E)O − E (O − E)2 (O − E)2 E1 48 60 2 46 30 3 6 10a. Calculate degrees of freedom for this chi-square test for goodness of t.b. Perform all of the calculations to
For each of the following, identify the independent variable(s), the dependent variable(s), and the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, scale).a. The number of loads of laundry washed per month was tracked for rst-year students and seniors living in university dorms.b. A researcher interested
For each of the following, (i) identify the incorrect symbol, (ii) state what the correct symbol should be, and (iii)explain why the initial symbol was incorrect.a. For the chi-square test for goodness of t: dfχ2 = N − 1b. For the chi-square test for independence:dfχ2 = (krow − 1) + (kcolumn
Which graph is most useful for displaying the results of a chi-square test for independence?
Why might relative likelihood be easier to understand as an effect size than Cramér’s V?
What is the difference between relative likelihood and relative risk?
To calculate relative likelihood, what must we rst calculate?
What information does the measure of relative likelihood provide?
What is the formula Totalcolumn N(Totalrow) used for?
Dene the symbols in the following formula:χ2 = Σ [(O − E)2 E]
What measure of effect size is used with chi square?
How are adjusted standardized residuals used as a post hoc test for chi-square tests?
How are adjusted standardized residuals calculated?
What information is presented in a contingency table in the chi-square test for independence?
Why is there just one critical value for a chi-square test, even when the hypothesis is a two-tailed test?
How are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square hypothesis tests different from those of most other hypothesis tests?
What are the hypotheses when conducting the chi-square test for goodness of t?
List two ways in which statisticians use the word independence or independent with respect to concepts introduced earlier in this book. Then describe how independence is used by statisticians with respect to chi square.
What are the four assumptions for the chi-square tests?
What is the difference between the chi-square test for goodness of t and the chi-square test for independence?
What are the three main situations in which we use a nonparametric test?
Distinguish among nominal, ordinal, and scale data.
Corporate political contributions, prots, and regression: Researchers studied whether corporate political contributions predicted prots (Cooper et al., 2007). From archival data, they determined how many political candidates each company supported with nancial contributions, as well as each
The age of a country, the level of concern for the environment, and multiple regression: Researchers analyzed the impact of the age of a country on the overall level of concern for the environment (Hersheld et al., 2014). They noted that some countries—Sweden, for example—are more likely to
Sugar, diabetes, and multiple regression: A New York Times reporter wrote: “A study published in the journal PLOS ONE links increased consumption of sugar with increased rates of diabetes by examining the data on sugar availability and the rate of diabetes in 175 countries over the past decade.
Google, the u, and third variables: The New York Times reported: “Several years ago, Google, aware of how many of us were sneezing and coughing, created a fancy equation on its Web site to gure out just how many people had inuenza. The math works like this: people’s location + u-related search
Cohabitation, divorce, and prediction: A study by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (Goodman & Greaves, 2010) found that parents’ marital status when a child was born predicted the likelihood of the relationship’s demise. Parents who were cohabitating when their child was born had a 27% chance
Anxiety, depression, and multiple regression: We conducted a second regression analysis on the data from the previous exercise. In addition to depression at year 1, we included a second predictor variable to predict anxiety at year 3.We also included anxiety at year 1. (We might expect that the
Anxiety, depression, and simple linear regression: We analyzed data from a larger data set that one of the authors used for previous research (Nolan et al., 2003). In the current analyses, we used regression to look at factors that predict anxiety over a 3-year period. Shown below is the output for

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Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition Susan A Nolan, Thomas Heinzen - Solutions

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