1. What are the challenges middle managers commonly face?
2. What are some good characteristics for effective middle managers to have?
3. Why are the job functions of middle management important to organizational success?

Middle managers are responsible for tactical planning and implementing top management’s guidelines. Middle managers are expected to work across departments, put in long hours, and often remain available outside of work. Unfortunately, many middle managers feel that while they have much responsibility, they have very little authority. Despite their often hectic work schedules, 44 percent of middle managers in one study reported that they were satisfied with their work/life balance, compared with 70 percent of nonmanagers. There are different steps middle managers can take to improve their careers and move into top leadership positions. Suggestions include thinking big, asking for input, being flexible to new situations, clearly communicating between front-line employees and managers, and showing empathy for employees.