Consider the following two studies reported in the New York Times.

a. A British study reported (Dec. 3, 1998) that of smokers who get lung cancer, “women were 1.7 times more vulnerable than men to get small-cell lung cancer.” Is 1.7 the odds ratio or the relative risk?

b. A National Cancer Institute study about tamoxifen and breast cancer reported (Apr. 7, 1998) that the women taking the drug were 45% less likely to experience invasive breast cancer then were women taking placebo. Find the relative risk for (I) those taking the drug compared to those taking placebo, and (ii) those taking placebo compared to those taking the drug.