Consider the following two causes of a 1-second network delay

(assume ACKs return instantaneously):

■ one intermediate router with a 1-second outbound per-packet bandwidth delay and no competing traffic,

■ one intermediate router with a 100-ms outbound per-packet bandwidth delay and with a steadily replenished (from another source) 10 packets in the queue.

(a) How might a transport protocol in general distinguish between these two cases?

(b) Suppose TCP Vegas sends over the above connections with an initial CongestionWindow of three packets. What will happen to CongestionWindow in each case? Assume BaseRTT = 1 second and β is one packet per second.