Questions and Answers of Artificial Intelligence Structures

Suppose that we are playing a game where we toss a die and then receive the amount of dollars equal to the value of the die. For example, if a 3 comes up we receive $3. If it costs us $4 to play this
Consider the situation where bit strings of length four are randomly generated. Demonstrate whether or not the event of production of bit strings containing an even number of 1s is independent of the
Show that the statement p (A, B|C) = p(A|C) p(B|C) is equivalent to both p (A|B, C) = p(A|C) and p (B|A, C) = p(B|C).
In manufacturing a product, 85% of the products that are produced are not defective. Of the products inspected, 10% of the good ones are seen as defective and not shipped whereas only 5% of the
A blood test is 90% effective in detecting a disease. It also falsely diagnoses that a healthy person has the disease 3% of the time. If 10% of those tested have the disease, what is the probability
Suppose an automobile insurance company classifies a driver as good, average, or bad. Of all their insured drivers, 25% are classified good, 50% are average, and 25% are bad. Suppose for the coming
Three prisoners, A, B, C are in their cells. They are told that one of them will be executed the next day and the others will be pardoned. Only the governor knows who will be executed. Prisoner A
Write a member-check algorithm to recursively determine whether a given element is a member of a list.a. Write an algorithm to count the number of elements in a list.b. Write an algorithm to count
Write a recursive algorithm (using open and closed lists) to implement breadth-first search. Does recursion allow the omission of the open list when implementing breadth first search? Explain.
Trace the execution of the recursive depth-first search algorithm (the version that does not use an open list) on the state space of Figure 3.14.Figure 3.14 AFTER
Using the goal and start states of Figure 6.3, hand run the production system solution to the 8-puzzle:Figure 6.3a. In goal-driven fashion.b. In data-driven fashion. Start state: 283 6
Suggest two applications appropriate for solution using the blackboard architecture. Briefly characterize the organization of the blackboard and knowledge sources for each implementation.
Common sense reasoning employs such notions as causality, analogy, and equivalence but uses them in a different way than do formal languages. For example, if we say, “Inflation caused Jane to ask
In Section 7.2.1 we presented some of the arguments against the use of logic for representing common sense knowledge. Make an argument for the use of logic in representing this knowledge. McCarthy
Translate each of the following sentences into predicate calculus, conceptual dependencies, and conceptual graphs:“Jane gave Tom an ice cream cone.”“Basketball players are tall.”“Paul cut
Translate the conceptual graphs of Figure 7.28 into English sentences.Figure 7.28 belief object person:
The operations join and restrict define a generalization ordering on conceptual graphs. Show that the generalization relation is transitive.
Specialization of conceptual graphs using join and restrict is not a truth-preserving operation. Give an example that demonstrates that the restriction of a true graph is not necessarily true.
Define a specialized representation language to describe the activities of a public library. This language will be a set of concepts and relations using conceptual graphs. Do the same thing for a
Translate the conceptual graphs of Figure 7.28 into predicate calculus. Figure 7.28 belief object person:
Give evidence from your own experience that suggests a script-like or frame-like organization of human memory.
Using conceptual dependencies, define a script for:a. A fast-food restaurant.b. Interacting with a used-car salesperson.c. Going to the opera.
Construct a hierarchy of subtypes for the concept vehicle; for example, subtypes of vehicle might be land vehicle or ocean-vehicle. These would have further subtypes. Is this best represented as a
Identify five properties that an agent language should have to provide an agent-oriented internet service. Comment on the role of Java as a general-purpose agent language for building internet
Brooks’ paper (1991a) offers an important discussion on the role of representation in traditional AI. Read this paper, and comment on the limitations of explicit, general-purpose representational
Describe a representation that could be used in a program to solve analogy problems like that in Figure 7.29. This class of problems was addressed by T. G. Evans (1968). The representation must be
Construct a type of hierarchy in which some types do not have a common supertype. Add types to make this a lattice. Could this hierarchy be expressed using tree inheritance? What problems would arise
Implement an expert system using a commercial shell program. These are widely available for personal computers as well as larger machines. We especially recommend CLIPS from NASA (Giarratano and
Read and comment on the paper Diagnosis based on description of structure and function (Davis et al., 1982).
Use the operators and frame axioms of the previous question to generate the search space of Figure 8.19.Figure 8.19 b C d 2 68 с b a с d C GAA C d Figure 8.19 Portion of the state space for a
Use add and delete lists to generate the search space of Figure 8.19.Figure 8.19 b a c a A b d C 4 8.8 b С C d d a a b a U С A С 0.80 d C Figure 8.19 Portion of the state space for a portion of
Build a case-based reasoner for an application of your choice. One area might be for selecting computer science and engineering courses to complete an undergraduate major or a MS degree.
Design an automated controller that could use add and delete lists to generate a graph search similar to that of Figure 8.19.Figure 8.19
Use commercial software (check the WWW) for building the case-based reasoning system of Exercise 10. If no software is available, consider building such a system in Prolog, Lisp, or Java.Data From
Consider the simple MYCIN-like rule: if A ∧ (B v C) ⇒ D (.9) ∧ E (.75). Discuss the issues that arise in capturing these uncertainties in a Bayesian context. How might this rule be handled in
Reasoning by assumption of a minimum model is important in human everyday life. Work out two more examples that assume minimum models.
Continue the inverted pendulum example of Section 9.2.2 with two more iterations of the controller where the output of one iteration provides the input values for the next iteration.
Go to the literature, for example Ross (1995), and describe two other areas where fuzzy control might be appropriate. Construct a set of fuzzy rules for those domains.
Put another link in Figure 9.16, say connecting season directly to slick sidewalk and then create a clique tree to represent this situation. Compare the complexity issues with those of the clique
Complete the symbolic evaluations that are required to finish Table 9.4.Table 9.4 R t t f f W t f t f P(WS) X S=hot S=cold
Take the diagnostic reasoning situation developed in Table 9.1 and 9.2 of the Dempster– Shafer model of Section 9.2.3 and recast it as a Bayesian Belief network. Compare and contrast these two
Tom has invested some of his savings in a portfolio of five stocks, H = {Bank of China, Citibank, Intel, Nokia, Legend}. These stocks can be classified into Bank stocks (Bank of China and Citibank),
Create a Bayesian belief diagram for another application, for example medical diagnosis, geological discovery, or automobile fault analysis. Point out examples of d-separation and create a clique
Given that you wanted to design a second-order Markov model, i.e., where each observable state would be dependent on the previous two observable states. How would you do this? What would the
Given the observable Markov model of weather of Section 9.3.4:a. Determine the probability that (exactly) the next five days will be sun.b. What is the probability of exactly three days of sun,
Consider the behavior of Winston’s concept learning program when learning the concept “step,” where a step consists of a short box and a tall box placed in contact with each other, as in Figure
Suppose you were designing an agent system to represent an American football or alternatively a soccer team. For agents to cooperate in a defensive or in a scoring maneuver, they must have some idea

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