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computer science
systems architecture

Questions and Answers of Systems Architecture

Describe the technologies used to implement flat panel displays. What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
Why does a video controller have its own processor and memory?
What is an image description language? What are the advantages of representing images with image description languages?
What is a bitmap? How does a bitmap’s chromatic resolution affect its size?
What are the additive colors? What are the subtractive colors? What types of I/O devices use each kind of color?
What is a font? What is point size?
Describe the process by which keystrokes are recognized by the software.
What is a multicore processor? What are its advantages compared with multiple-processor architecture? Why have multicore processors been used only since the mid-2000s?
Describe how scaling up differs from scaling out. Given the speed difference between a typical system bus and a typical high-speed network, is it reasonable to assume that both approaches can yield
What’s the difference between lossy and lossless compression? For what types of data is lossy compression used?
How can a cache be used to improve performance when reading data from and writing data to a storage device?
What is a buffer? Why might one be used?
What functions does a device controller perform?
What’s the difference between a physical access and logical access?
Describe the execution of the push and pop operations.
What is a stack? Why is it needed?
What is an interrupt? How is an interrupt generated? How is it processed?
What characteristics of the CPU and of the system bus should be balanced to achieve maximum system performance?
What is a bus master? What is the advantage of having devices other than the CPU be a bus master?
What is the system bus? What are its primary components?
Why is the areal density of optical discs higher than the areal density of magnetic disks? What factors limit this areal density?
What improvements are offered by synchronous DRAM compared with ordinary DRAM?
What characteristics of the CPU and primary storage should be balanced to achieve maximum system performance?
What factors limit the speed of an electrically based processing device?
What are the differences between static and dynamic RAM?
Why isn’t flash RAM commonly used to implement primary storage?
Describe current and emerging nonvolatile RAM technologies. What potential advantages to the emerging technologies offer compared with current flash RAM technology?
Describe serial, random, and parallel access. What types of storage devices use each method?
How is data stored and retrieved on a magnetic mass storage device?
Describe the factors that contribute to a disk drive’s average access time. Which of these factors is improved if the spin rate is increased? Which is improved if areal density is increased?
Which factors do magnetic storage device manufacturers balance to ensure high capacity and performance at reasonable cost and reliability?
Describe the processes of reading from and writing to a phase-change optical disc. How to the performance and areal density of these discs compare with magnetic disks?
Why should you defragment magnetic disk drives? Why should you avoid defragmenting SSDs?
Define “word size.” What are the advantages and disadvantages of increasing word size?
What are special-purpose registers? Give three examples of special-purpose registers and explain how each is used.
How is an array stored in main memory? How is a linked list stored in main memory? What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages? Give examples of data that would be best stored as an array
What is excess notation? What is twos complement notation? Why are they needed? In other words, why can’t integer values be represented by ordinary binary numbers?
What are the binary, octal, and hexadecimal representations of the decimal number 10?
Describe three types of multicomputer configurations. What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
List and briefly describe the standards for recordable and rewritable CDs and DVDs. Are any of them to clearly superior to their competitors?
In what way(s) is/are SSDs an improvement over magnetic disk drives? In what way(s) isn't/aren't they an improvement over magnetic disk drives?
How does multiprocessing improve a computer’s efficiency?
How does pipelining improve CPU efficiency? What’s the potential effect on pipelining’s efficiency when executing a conditional BRANCH instruction? What techniques can be used to make pipelining
Which is the better measure of computer system performance a benchmark, such as SPEC CINT, or a processor speed measure, such as GHz, MIPS, or MFLOPS? Why?
What potential advantages do optical processors offer compared with electrical processors?
What factors account for the dramatic improvements in microprocessor clock rates over the past three decades?
How does a RISC processor differ from a CISC processor? Is one processor type better than the other? Why or why not?
Why does program execution speed generally increase as the number of general-purpose registers increases?
Describe the operation of a MOVE instruction. Why is the name “move” a misnomer?
How does a class differ from other data structures?
What is an address? What is a pointer? What purpose are they used for?
What is a data structure? List several types of common data structures.
What primitive data types can normally be represented and processed by a CPU?
What are the differences between ASCII and Unicode?
Why doesn’t a CPU evaluate the expression 'A' = 'a' as true?
Why might a programmer choose to represent a data item in IEEE binary128 floating-point format instead of IEEE binary64 floating-point format? What additional costs might be incurred at runtime (when
Why are real numbers more difficult to represent and process than integers?
What is overflow? What is underflow? How can the probability of their occurrence be minimized?
What is the numeric range of a 16-bit twos complement value? A 16-bit excess notation value? A 16-bit unsigned binary value?
Why is binary data representation and signaling the preferred method of computer hardware implementation?
What shortcomings of mechanical computation did the introduction of electronic computing devices address?
What shortcomings of electrical computation will optical computing devices address?
List at least five types of resources that computers on a local area network or wide area network can share?
Why has the development of system software paralleled the development of computer hardware?
In what ways does system software make developing application software easier?
What characteristics differentiate application software from system software?
How can a computer system be tuned to a particular application?
What is Grosch’s Law? Does it hold today? Why or why not?
What the normally used for servers?
How does a supercomputer differ from a mainframe computer?
How does a workstation differ from a desktop computer?
What are the differences between primary and secondary storage?
What is main memory? How does it differ from registers?
What are the registers? What are their functions?
What is a CPU? What are its primary components?
What similarities exist in mechanical, electrical, and optical methods of computation?
List three types of technical information sources that an IS professional might use when researching a new storage technology and selecting specific products that incorporate that technology. Which
What additional technical issues must be addressed when managing a computer center or campus-wide network compared with developing a single information system?
What knowledge of computer hardware and system software is necessary to perform activities in the UP design and deployment disciplines?
What knowledge of computer hardware and system software is necessary to perform activities in the UP business modeling and requirements disciplines?
How is the knowledge needed to operate complex devices different from the knowledge needed to acquire and configure them?
You're is professional, and your boss has asked you to prepare a briefing for senior staff on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of three competing secondary storage technologies: magnetic
Why does a building architect need to understand the technology of building materials and construction? Does a systems architect have a similar need to understand computer related technology? Why or

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