3.9

Using the AIAG (4th ed., 2008) severity scales (reference Figures 3.2 and 3.3 ), select an appropriate severity ranking for the following examples of effects:

1. Item: Power steering pump Function: Delivers hydraulic power for steering by transforming oil pressure at inlet [ xx psi ] into higher oil pressure at outlet [ yy psi ] during engine idle speed Failure Mode: Inadequate outlet pressure less than [ yy psi ]

Effect (Local: Pump): Low pressure fl uid goes to steering gear Effect (Next level: Steering Subsystem): Increased friction at steering gear Effect (End user): Increased steering effort with potential accident during steering maneuvers

2. Item: Shaft (part of rock grinding equipment)

Function: Provide mechanical transfer of [xx] rotational force while maintaining linear and angular stability Failure Mode: Shaft fractured Effect (Local: Shaft): No torque output (does not transport energy)

Effect (Next level: Grinder Subsystem): Rock grinder teeth do not move Effect (End user): No rocks are pulverized, and product order is not fi lled

3. Process Step: Induction harden shafts using induction hardening machine Function: Induction harden shafts using induction hardening machine, with hardness to specifi cation #123, and case depth [xx] inches Failure Mode: Shaft hardness too soft Effect (In plant): 100% scrap Effect (End user): Potential shaft fracture with complete loss of performance

4. Process Step: Clamp bicycle upper frame tube in weld fi xture Function: Securely clamp upper tube in weld fi xture, without damaging part and without looseness or movement of part in fi xture Failure Mode: Tube not clamped securely (loose)

Effect (In plant): Tube position incorrect, with possible defective welds from tube shifting, and potential for 100% scrap Effect (End user): If upper tubes get out of plant with defective welds, the bicycle frame could collapse, with potential rider injury