Assume that the gage pressure p is the same at sections 1 and 2 in the horizontal bend shown in the figure. The fluid flowing in the bend has density ρ, discharge Q, and velocity V. The cross-sectional area of the pipe is A. Then the magnitude of the force (neglecting gravity) required at the flanges to hold the bend in place will be 

(a) p_A, 

(b) p_A + ρ_QV, 

(c) 2p_A + ρ_QV, or

(d) 2p_A + 2ρ_QV.