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Q: A torpedo-like device is being designed to travel just below the water surface. Which dimensionless numbers in Section 8.4 would be significant in
Q: What is f for the flow of water at 10°C through a 30-cm cast iron pipe with a mean velocity of 24 m/s?
Q: Briefly explain each of the following ideas.a. Post processorb. Verificationc. Validation
Q: Briefly explain each of the following ideas.a. DNSb. k-epsilon methodc. LES
Q: Briefly explain each of the following ideas.a. Gridb. Time stepc. Solution time for a CFD program versus the accuracyd. Boundary conditione. Initial
Q: Using the Internet, find one example of a publicly available CFD program (either a commercial or noncommercial code) and describe the code so that
Q: Would you prefer to write your own CFD programs, or would you prefer to use codes that have been written by others? Discuss the advantages and
Q: If someone asked you why CFD codes are useful for engineers, how would you answer? List your top three reasons in priority order.
Q: Stress, as introduced in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation, is a second-order tensor. Using the Internet, find some articles on tensors
Q: For the propeller and conditions described in Problem 14.10, determine the thrust and the power input. Assume ρ = 1.2 kg/m3.Data from Problem 14.10A
Q: A propeller 8 ft in diameter, like the one for which characteristics are given in Fig. 14.3, is to be used on a swamp boat and is to operate at
Q: Water at 50°F is piped from a reservoir to a channel like that shown. The pipe from the reservoir to the channel is a 4 in. steel pipe 100 ft in
Q: Consider the rectangular weir described in Prob. 13.50. When the head is doubled, the discharge is (a) Doubled, (b) Less than doubled(c)
Q: A 3 m long rectangular weir is to be constructed in a 3 m wide rectangular channel, as shown (a). The maximum flow in the channel will be 4 m3/s.
Q: A 1 ft high rectangular weir (weir 1) is installed in a 2 ft wide rectangular channel, and the head on the weir is observed for a discharge of 10
Q: Water flows over two rectangular weirs. Weir A is 5 ft long in a channel 10 ft wide; weir B is 5 ft long in a channel 5 ft wide. Both weirs are 2 ft
Q: The head on a 60° triangular weir is 25 cm. What is the discharge over the weir in cubic meters per second?
Q: Water flows over a rectangular weir that is 3 m wide and 35 cm high. If the head on the weir is 15 cm, what is the discharge in cubic meters per
Q: On the Internet, locate technically reliable resources about weirs to answer the following questions. a. What are five important considerations
Q: Ultrasonic flowmeters are used to measure velocity in systems where it is important to not disrupt the flow, such as for blood velocity. One mode of
Q: A rotameter is used to measure the flow rate of a gas with a density of 1.0 kg/m3. The scale on the rotameter indicates 5 liters/s. However, the
Q: A rotameter operates by aerodynamic suspension of a weight in a tapered tube. The scale on the side of the rotameter is calibrated in scfm of
Q: A vortex flowmeter is used to measure the discharge in a duct 5 cm in diameter. The diameter of the shedding element is 1 cm. The Strouhal number
Q: What is the head loss in terms of V0 2/2g for the flow nozzle shown?
Q: Water flows through an annular venturi consisting of a body of revolution mounted inside a pipe. The pressure is measured at the minimum area and
Q: A flow nozzle has a throat diameter of 2 cm and a beta ratio (d/D) of 0.5. Water flows through the nozzle, creating a pressure difference across the
Q: The differential-pressure gage on the venturi meter reads 40 kPa, d = 20 cm, D = 40 cm, and h = 75 cm. What is the discharge of gasoline (SG = 0.69;
Q: The differential-pressure gage on the venturi meter shown reads 5.4 psi, h = 25 in., d = 7 in., and D = 12 in. What is the discharge of water in the
Q: The pressure differential across this venturi meter is 92 kPa. What is the discharge of water (T = 20°C) through it? The value of flow coefficient
Q: When no flow occurs through the venturi meter, the indicator on the differential-pressure gage is straight up and indicates a Δp of zero. When 5 cfs
Q: Estimate the rate of flow of water through the venturi meter shown.
Q: Water flows through a venturi meter that has a 40 cm throat. The venturi meter is in a 70 cm pipe. What deflection will occur on a mercury-water
Q: What is the throat diameter required for a venturi meter in a 61 cm horizontal pipe carrying water with a discharge of 0.76 m3/s if the differential
Q: What is the main advantage of a venturi meter versus an orifice meter? The main disadvantage?
Q: An orifice is to be designed to have a change in pressure of 48 kPa across it (measured with a differential-pressure transducer) for a discharge of
Q: What is the discharge of gasoline (SG = 0.68) in a 20 cm horizontal pipe if the differential pressure across a 10 cm orifice in the pipe is 100 kPa?
Q: Determine the size of orifice required in a 15-cm pipe to measure 0.03 m3/s of water with a deflection of 1 m on a mercury-water manometer.
Q: Water (T = 50°F) is pumped at a rate of 20 cfs through the system shown in the figure. What differential pressure will occur across the orifice?
Q: A pressure transducer is connected across an orifice as shown. The pressure at the upstream pressure tap is p1, and the pressure at the downstream
Q: If water (20°C) is flowing through this 4.3 cm orifice, estimate the rate of flow. Assume flow coefficient K = 0.6.
Q: A 15 cm plate orifice at the end of a 30 cm pipe is enlarged to 20 cm. With the same pressure drop across the orifice (approximately 50 kPa), what
Q: The 10 cm orifice in the horizontal 30 cm pipe shown is the same size as the orifice in the vertical pipe. The manometers are mercury-water
Q: A 6 in. orifice is placed in a 10 in. pipe, and a mercury manometer is connected to either side of the orifice. If the flow rate of water (60°F)
Q: Determine the discharge of water (T = 60°F) through the orifice shown if h = 4 ft , D = 6 in., and d = 3 in.
Q: Determine the discharge of water through this 7 in. orifice that is installed in a 12 in. pipe. Assume T = 60°F and v = 1.22 × 10−5 ft 2/s.
Q: Figure 13.14 in §13.2 shows a sharp-edged orifice. Note that the metal surface immediately downstream of the leading edge makes an acute angle with
Q: A fluid jet discharging from a 10.2 cm orifice has a diameter of 8 cm at its vena contracta. What is the coefficient of contraction?
Q: For the jet and orifice shown, determine Cv, Cc, and Cd.
Q: Theory and experimental verification indicate that the mean velocity along a vertical line in a wide stream is closely approximated by the velocity
Q: A velocity traverse in a 24 cm oil pipe yields the data in the table. What are the discharge, mean velocity, and ratio of maximum to mean velocity?
Q: Water from a test apparatus is diverted into a calibrated volumetric tank for 6 min. If the volume of diverted water is measured to be 67 m3, what is
Q: Water from a pipe is diverted into a tank for 5 min. If the weight of diverted water is measured to be 10 kN, what is the discharge in cubic meters
Q: List five different instruments or approaches that engineers use to measure flow rate (discharge). For each instrument or approach, list two
Q: Classify the following devices as to whether they are used to measure velocity (V), pressure (P), or discharge (Q).a. Hot-wire anemometerb. Venturi
Q: A laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) system is being used to measure the velocity of air in a tube. The laser is an argon-ion laser with a wavelength of
Q: On the Internet, locate technically sound resources relevant to the LDA. Skim these resources, and thena. Write down five findings that are relevant
Q: A velocity-measuring probe used frequently for measuring smokestack gas velocities is shown. The probe consists of two tubes bent away from and
Q: Without exceeding an error of 1%, what is the minimum water velocity that can be obtained using a 1.5 mm circular stagnation tube if the formulaV =
Q: Without exceeding an error of 2.5%, what is the minimum air velocity that can be obtained using a 1 mm circular stagnation tube if the formula V
Q: An ultralight airplane has a wing with an aspect ratio of 5 and with lift and drag coefficients corresponding to Fig. 11.24. The planform area of the
Q: The wing loading on an airplane is defined as the aircraft weight divided by the wing area. An airplane with a wing loading of 2000 N/m2 has the
Q: An airplane wing having the characteristics shown in Fig. 11.24 is to be designed to lift 1800 lbf when the airplane is cruising at 200 ft /s with an
Q: Apply the grid method to each situation that follows.a. Use Eq. (11.17) to predict the lift force in newtons for a spinning baseball. Use a
Q: Estimate the energy in joules and kcal (food calories) that a runner supplies to overcome aerodynamic drag during a 10 km race. The runner runs a
Q: Consider trends from Table 11.1 and Fig. 11.9 in order to classify these statements as true or false:In table a. A value of CD = 0.35 for a
Q: Consider a large rock situated at the bottom of a river and acted on by a strong current. Estimate a typical speed of the current that will cause the
Q: A circular billboard with a diameter of 4 m is exposed to the wind. Estimate the total force exerted on the structure by a wind that has a direction
Q: As shown, wind is blowing on a 55-gallon drum. Estimate the wind speed needed to tip the drum over. Work in SI units. The mass of the drum is 48 lbm,
Q: Estimate the drag of a thin square plate (3 m by 4 m) when it is towed through water (10°C). Assume a towing speed of about 5 m/s. Use Table 11.1 in
Q: Apply the grid method to each situation that follows.a. Use Eq. (11.5) to predict the drag force in newtons for an automobile that is traveling at V
Q: Determine whether the following statements are true or false. a. Regarding CD, the primary dimensions are: M∙L/T2b. In the context of
Q: Determine whether the following statement is true or false: In general, the lift force is upward, and the drag force is horizontal with respect to
Q: Determine whether the following statement is true or false: In general, the drag force and the lift force are perpendicular.
Q: Fill in the blanks for the following two statements:A. ___________ is associated with the viscous shear stress distribution.a. Form dragb. Friction
Q: Flow is occurring past the square rod. The pressure coefficient values are as shown. From which direction do you think the flow is coming? (a)
Q: A hypothetical pressure coefficient variation over a long (length normal to the page) plate is shown. What is the coefficient of drag for the plate
Q: Frequently in the design of pump systems, a bypass line will be installed in parallel to the pump so that some of the fluid can recirculate as shown.
Q: The pipes shown in the system are all concrete. With a flow of 25 cfs of water, find the head loss and the division of flow in the pipes from A to B.
Q: Two pipes are connected in parallel. One pipe is twice the diameter of the other and four times as long. Assume that f in the larger pipe is 0.010
Q: Pipes 1 and 2 are the same kind (cast-iron pipe), but pipe 2 is three times as long as pipe 1. They are the same diameter (1 ft). If the discharge of
Q: In the parallel system shown, pipe 1 is 1200 m long and is 50 cm in diameter. Pipe 2 is 1500 m long and 35 cm in diameter. Assume f is the same in
Q: A flow is divided into two branches as shown. A gate valve, half open, is installed in line A, and a globe valve, fully open, is installed in line B.
Q: A pipe system consists of a gate valve, wide-open (Kv = 0.2), in line A and a globe valve, wide-open (Kv = 10), in line B. The cross-sectional area
Q: A pump that has the characteristic curve shown in the accompanying graph is to be installed as shown. What will be the discharge of water in the
Q: If the pump for Fig. 10.20b is installed in the system of Prob. 10.90, what will be the rate of discharge of water from the lower tank to the upper
Q: What power must be supplied by the pump to the flow if water (T = 20°C) is pumped through the 300-mm steel pipe from the lower tank to the upper one
Q: Air (20°C) flows with a speed of 10 m/s through a horizontal rectangular air-conditioning duct. The duct is 20 m long and has a cross section of 4
Q: A cold-air duct 120 cm by 15 cm in cross section is 100 m long and made of galvanized iron. This duct is to carry air at a rate of 6 m3/s at a
Q: The cross section of an air duct has the dimensions shown in the sketch. Find the hydraulic diameter in units of cm. Choose the closest answer
Q: Air at 60°F and atmospheric pressure flows in a horizontal duct with a cross section corresponding to an equilateral triangle (all sides equal). The
Q: If the water surface elevation in reservoir B is 110 m, what must be the water surface elevation in reservoir A if a flow of 0.03 m3/s is to occur in
Q: The steel pipe shown carries water from the main pipe A to  he reservoir and is 2 in. in diameter and 300 ft long. What must be the pressure in
Q: Liquid discharges from a tank through the piping system shown. There is a venturi section at A and a sudden contraction at B. The liquid discharges
Q: Both pipes in the system shown have an equivalent sand roughness ks of 0.10 mm and a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s, with D1 = 12 cm, L1 = 60 m, D2 = 24 cm,
Q: Water is pumped at a rate of 32 m3/s from the reservoir and out through the pipe, which has a diameter of 1.50 m. What power must be supplied to the
Q: The 12 cm galvanized steel pipe shown is 800 m long and discharges water into the atmosphere. The pipeline has an open globe valve and four threaded
Q: Find the loss coefficient Kv of the partially closed valve that is required to reduce the discharge to 50% of the flow with the valve wide-open as
Q: Gasoline (T = 50°F) is pumped from the gas tank of an automobile to the carburetor through a 1/4-in. fuel line of drawn tubing 10 ft long. The line
Q: A heat exchanger consists of 15 m of copper tubing with an internal diameter of 15 mm. There are 14 return elbows in the system with a loss
Q: A heat exchanger consists of a closed system with a series of parallel tubes connected by 180° elbows as shown in the figure. There are a total of
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