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Statistics For Psychology 1st Edition Aron - Solutions
13. (The instructions for this problem are shown after problem 11.) Four young children were monitored closely over a period of several weeks to measure how much they watched violent television programs and their amount of violent behavior toward their playmates. The results were as
12. (The instructions for this problem are shown after problem 11.) Four research participants take a test of manual dexterity (high scores mean better dexterity)and an anxiety test (high scores mean more anxiety). The scores are as follows.Person Dexterity Anxiety 1 1 10 2 1 8 3 2 4 4 4 -2
11. Make up a scatter diagram with 10 dots for each of the following situations:(a) perfect positive linear correlation, (b) large but not perfect positive linear correlation, (c) small positive linear correlation, (d) large but not perfect negative linear correlation, (e) no correlation, (f) clear
9. Chapman et al. (1997) interviewed 68 pregnant inner city women and their male partners twice during their pregnancy, once between three and six months into the pregnancy and again between six and nine months into the pregnancy.Table 11 shows the correlations among several of their measures.
8. About how many participants are needed for 80% power in each of the following planned studies that will use a correlation coefficient and the .05 significance level?Effect Size (r ) Tails(a) .50 2(b) .30 1(c) .10 2
7. What is the power of each of the following studies using a correlation coefficient and the .05 significance level?Effect Size (r ) N Tails(a) .10 50 2(b) .30 100 1(c) .50 30 2(d) .30 40 1(e) .10 100 2
5. The following have been prepared so that data sets B through D are slightly modified versions of data set A. For each data set, (a) make a scatter diagram,(b) figure the correlation coefficient, and (c) figure whether the correlation is statistically significant (use the .05 significance level,
3. An instructor asked five students how many hours they had studied for an exam.Here are the hours studied and the students’ grades:Hours Studied Test Grade 0 52 10 95 6 83 8 71 6 64(a) Make a scatter diagram of the scores; (b) describe in words the general pattern of correlation, if any; (c)
2. A researcher studied the relation between psychotherapists’ degree of empathy and their patients’ satisfaction with therapy. As a pilot study, four patient–therapist pairs were studied. Here are the results:Pair Number Therapist Empathy Patient Satisfaction 1 70 4 2 94 5 3 36 2 4 48 1 (a)
22. ADVANCED TOPIC: About how many participants do you need in each cell for 80% power in each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?Predicted Effect Size Design Effect(a) Medium 2 * 2 Main effect(b) Large 2 * 2 Main effect(c) Medium 2 * 2 Interaction
21. ADVANCED TOPIC: What is the power of the effect in the following planned studies using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?Predicted Effect Size Overall Design Number of Levels of the Effect Participants Per Cell(a) Small 2 * 2 2 10(b) Medium 2 * 2 2 10(c) Large 2 * 2 2 10(d) Medium 2 * 3 3
20. ADVANCED TOPIC: Figure the effect size for each main and interaction effect for problems (a) 17a, (b) 17b, (c) 18, and (d) 19.
19. ADVANCED TOPIC: In a particular high school, three types of video teaching programs were each tried for English, history, and math. The researchers then measured amount learned. There were two students per cell. Based on the following results, (a) make a table of cell and marginal means, (b)
18. ADVANCED TOPIC: A developmental psychologist studied the effects of loudness of a sudden noise on infants of different inherited temperaments. The infants were exposed either to a sudden loud noise or a sudden soft noise, then the infants’ startle reactions were observed. The startle reaction
17. ADVANCED TOPIC: For each of the following data sets, carry out an analysis of variance, including making a table of cell and marginal means and making a bar graph of the cell means. Use the .05 significance level.(a) Group I II Experimental Condition A 8 8 6 6 Experimental Condition B 3 3 1
16. Sinclair and Kunda (2000) tested the idea that, if you want to think well of someone (for example, because he or she has said positive things about you), you are less influenced by the normal stereotypes when evaluating them. Participants filled out a questionnaire on their social skills, then
15. Brockner and colleagues (2001) studied the effect of cultural values about the appropriateness of power differentials on how employees feel about having input to managers about important decisions. Their participants were business students in China (a culture in which power differentials are
14. In this study, Englishspeaking participants were instructed to try to read a paragraph for a half hour in one of three languages they did not understand. They read the paragraph after either being told the main idea of the paragraph, told the main idea of the first sentence only, or not told
13. Each of the following tables of means shows the results of a study using a factorial design. Assuming that any differences are statistically significant, for each table (a) and (b), make two bar graphs showing the results (in one graph grouping the bars according to one variable and in the
12. Each of the following tables of means shows the results of a study using a factorial design. Assuming that any differences are statistically significant, for each table (a) and (b), make two bar graphs showing the results (in one graph grouping the bars according to one variable and in the
11. ADVANCED TOPIC: About how many participants do you need in each cell for 80% power in each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
10. ADVANCED TOPIC: What is the power of the effect in the following planned studies using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
9. ADVANCED TOPIC: Figure the effect size for each main and interaction effect for problems (a) 6a, (b) 6b, (c) 6c, (d) 7, and (e) 8.
7. ADVANCED TOPIC: Patients with two kinds of diagnoses were randomly assigned to one of three types of therapy and the effectiveness of the therapy was measured on a 1-to-15 scale (with a higher number indicating greater effectiveness). There were two patients per cell. Based on the following
6. ADVANCED TOPIC: For each of the following data sets, carry out an analysis of variance, including making a table of cell and marginal means and making a bar graph of the cell means. Use the .05 significance level.
5. Yamagishi and Melara (2001) studied people’s ability to separate visual images from the background. Participants were shown images differing from the background in either just chromaticity (color) or just luminescence (brightness).Also, they made the figures more difficult to identify by
4. Kunda and Oleson (1997) studied the effect on stereotypes of counterinformation, learning about someone who is opposite to what you would expect from the stereotype.They predicted that extreme counterinformation may have a boomerang effect—making the stereotype even stronger. Participants were
2. Each of the following is a table of means showing the results of a study using a factorial design. Assuming that any differences are statistically significant, for each table, (a) and (b) make two bar graphs showing the results (in one graph grouping the bars according to one variable and in the
1. Each of the following is a table of means showing the results of a study using a factorial design. Assuming that any differences are statistically significant, for each table, (a) and (b) make two bar graphs showing the results (in one graph grouping the bars according to one variable and in the
4. ADVANCED TOPIC: Describe the structural model for the analysis of variance, including how each score’s overall deviation from the grand mean can be divided into several components. Explain the logic of the comparison distributions that are used with the two-way analysis of variance. Describe
3. Describe the assumptions of a two-way analysis of variance.
2. Describe the core logic of hypothesis testing in this situation. Be sure to explain what is meant by the terms main effect and interaction effect. Also, describe the three F ratios that are tested in a two-way analysis of variance, including how each F ratio is figured.
1. Explain that the two-way analysis of variance is used for hypothesis testing when a study uses a two-way factorial research design; with such a design, participants are put into groupings according to the combinations of the variables whose effects are being studied.
2. Measured variable: Symptoms of depression
1. Measured variable: Level of happiness
25. Miller (1997) asked 147 female students to view slides of magazine ads that included, among other things, pictures of attractive men. The participants were measured for physiological arousal (skin conductance) while viewing the ads and also after viewing them; they were asked to rate the
24. Rosalie Friend (2001), an educational psychologist, compared three methods of teaching writing. Students were randomly assigned to three different experimental conditions involving different methods of writing a summary. At the end of the two days of instructions, participants wrote a summary.
23. An experiment is conducted in which 60 participants each fill out a personality test, but not according to the way the participants see themselves. Instead, 15 are randomly assigned to fill it out according to the way they think their mothers see them (that is, the way they think their mothers
22. About how many participants do you need in each group for 80% power in each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
21. What is the power of each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
20. For each of the following studies, test whether a comparison in which the researcher figures an F of 8.12 would be significant using the Scheffé method.
19. What is the Bonferroni corrected significance level for each of the following situations?
18. A psychologist studying artistic preference randomly assigns a group of 45 participants to one of three conditions in which they view a series of unfamiliar abstract paintings. The 15 participants in the Famous condition are led to believe that these are each famous paintings; their mean rating
17. Do students at various universities differ in how sociable they are? Twenty-five students were randomly selected from each of three universities in a region and were asked to report on the amount of time they spent socializing each day with other students. The result for University X was a mean
16. An organizational psychologist was interested in whether individuals working in different sectors of a company differed in their attitudes toward the company.The results for the three people surveyed in development were 10, 12, and 11; for the three in the marketing department, 6, 6, and 8; for
15. For each of the following studies, (a) and (b), decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis that the groups come from identical populations. Use the.01 level. (c) Figure the effect size for each study. (d) ADVANCED TOPIC:Carry out an analysis of variance for study (a) using the structural
14. For each of the following studies, decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis that the groups come from identical populations. Use the .05 level.
13. Which type of English word is longer: nouns, verbs, or adjectives? Go to a book of at least 400 pages and turn to random pages using the random numbers listed at the end of this paragraph. Go down the page until you come to a noun.Note its length (in number of letters). Do this for 10 different
12. Based on Table 11 from the Hazan and Shaver (1987) study, indicate for which variables, if any, (a) the Avoidants are significantly different from the other two groups, (b) the Anxious-Ambivalents are different from the other two groups,(c) the Secures are different from the other two groups,
11. A researcher wants to know whether the need for mental health care among prisoners varies according to the different types of prison facilities. The researcher randomly selects 40 prisoners from each of the three main types of prisons in a particular Canadian province and conducts exams to
10. Grilo and colleagues (1997) are clinical psychologists interested in the relationship of depression and substance use to personality disorders. Personality disorders are persistent, problematic traits and behaviors that exceed the usual range of individual differences. The researchers conducted
9. About how many participants do you need in each group for 80% power in each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
8. What is the power of each of the following planned studies, using the analysis of variance with p 6 .05?
2. For each of the following studies, (a) and (b), decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis that the groups come from identical populations. Use the.01 level. (c) Figure the effect size for each study. (d) ADVANCED TOPIC:For study (a), carry out an analysis of variance using the structural
1. For each of the following studies, decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis that the groups come from identical populations. Use the .05 level.Note that study (b) provides S, not S2.
5. Explain how and why the scores from Steps ❸ and ❹ of the hypothesis-testing process are compared. Explain the meaning of the result of this comparison with regard to the specific research and null hypotheses being tested.
4. Describe the logic and process for determining the cutoff sample F score on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected.
3. Explain the logic of the comparison distribution that is used with a one-way analysis of variance (the F distribution).
2. Describe the core logic of hypothesis testing in this situation. Be sure to mention that the analysis of variance involves comparing the results of two ways of estimating the population variance. One population variance estimate (the withingroups estimate) is based on the variation within each
1. Explain that the one-way analysis of variance is used for hypothesis testing when you have scores from three or more entirely separate groups of people. Be sure to explain the meaning of the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis in this situation.
25. Jackson and colleagues (2001) gave a questionnaire about Internet usage to university students. Table 12 shows their results comparing men and women.(a) Select one significant and one nonsignificant result and explain these two results to a person who understands the t test for a single sample
24. Gibbons and colleagues (2006) surveyed 152 college students in Guatemala on their beliefs about machismo (a strong sense of masculinity), their attitudes toward women, and their beliefs about adoption. As shown in Table 11, the researchers used three t tests for independent means to examine
22. ADVANCED TOPIC: What is the approximate power of each of the following planned studies, all using a t test for independent means at the .05 significance level, twotailed, with a predicted medium effect size?
21. Figure the approximate power of a t test for independent means for each of the following planned studies:
20. Figure the estimated effect size for problems (a) 16, (b) 17, and (c) 18.(d) Explain your answer to part (a) to a person who understands the t test for independent means but is unfamiliar with effect size.
19. A study of the effects of color on easing anxiety compared anxiety test scores of participants who completed the test printed on either soft yellow paper or on harsh green paper. The scores for five participants who completed the test printed on the yellow paper were 17, 19, 28, 21, and 18. The
18. Twenty students randomly assigned to an experimental group receive an instructional program; 30 in a control group do not. After 6 months, both groups are tested on their knowledge. The experimental group has a mean of 38 on the test (with an estimated population standard deviation of 3); the
17. A psychologist theorized that people can hear better when they have just eaten a large meal. Six individuals were randomly assigned to eat either a large meal or a small meal. After eating the meal, their hearing was tested. The hearing ability scores (high numbers indicate greater ability) are
16. For each of the following experiments, decide whether the difference between conditions is statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed).Experimental Group Control Group N M S2 N M S2 (a) 10 604 60 10 607 50 (b) 40 604 60 40 607 50 (c) 10 604 20 40 607 16
15. Figure S Difference for each of the following studies:
14. For each of the following studies, say whether you would use a t test for dependent means or a t test for independent means.(a) A researcher measures the heights of 40 university students who are the firstborn in their families and compares the 15 who come from large families to the 25 who come
13. Make up two examples of studies (not from your lectures) that would be tested with a t test for independent means.
15. Figure S Difference for each of the following studies:
14. For each of the following studies, say whether you would use a t test for dependent means or a t test for independent means.(a) A researcher measures the heights of 40 university students who are the firstborn in their families and compares the 15 who come from large families to the 25 who come
13. Make up two examples of studies (not from your lectures) that would be tested with a t test for independent means.
12. GallagherThompson and her colleagues (2001) compared 27 wives who were caring for their husbands who had Alzheimer’s disease to 27 wives in which neither partner had Alzheimer’s. The two groups of wives were otherwise similar in terms of age, number of years married, and social economic
11. Van Aken and Asendorpf (1997) studied 139 German 12yearolds.All of the children completed a general selfworth questionnaire and were interviewed about the supportiveness they experienced from their mothers, fathers, and classmates. The researchers then compared the selfworth of those with high
9. ADVANCED TOPIC: Figure the approximate power of each of the following planned studies, all using a t test for independent means at the .05 significance level, onetailed, with a predicted small effect size:N1 N2(a) 3 57(b) 10 50(c) 20 40(d) 30 30 Expected 1 2 Tails(a) 107.0 149.0 84.0 1(b)
8. Figure the approximate power of a t test for independent means for each of the following planned studies:Number of People in Each Group One- or Two-Tailed Effect Size(a) 30 1 Small (.20)(b) 100 2 Large (.80)(c) 40 1 Medium (.50)(d) 40 1 Large (.80)
7. Figure the estimated effect size for problems (a) 4, (b) 5, and (c) 6. (d) Explain what you have done in part (a) to someone who understands the t test for independent means but knows nothing about effect size.
5. An educational psychologist was interested in whether using a student’s own name in a story affected children’s attention span while reading. Six children were randomly assigned to read a story under ordinary conditions (using names like Dick and Jane). Five other children read versions of
3. For each of the following experiments, decide whether the difference between conditions is statistically significant at the .05 level (two-tailed).Experimental Group Control Group N M S2 N M S2(a) 30 12.0 2.4 30 11.1 2.8(b) 20 12.0 2.4 40 11.1 2.8(c) 30 12.0 2.2 30 11.1 3.0
2. Figure S Difference for each of the following studies:N1 S21 N2 S 2 2(a) 20 1 20 2(b) 20 1 40 2(c) 40 1 20 2(d) 40 1 40 2(e) 40 1 40 4
26. Table 15 (reproduced from a study by Larson et al., 2001) shows ratings of various aspects of work and home life of 100 middle-class men in India who were fathers. Pick three rows of interest to you and explain the results to someone who is familiar with the mean, variance, and Z scores but
25. Baker and Moore (2008) surveyed 58 people when they first started using MySpace (the researchers called this “Time 0”) and again 2 months later (referred to as “Time 1” by the researchers). At both time points, the participants completed a measure of social integration (a sense of
24. A study compared union activity of employees in 10 plants during two different decades. The researchers reported “a significant increase in union activity, t192 = 3.28, p 6 .01.” Explain this result to a person who has never had a course in statistics. Be sure to use sketches of the
23. About how many participants are needed for 80% power in each of the following planned studies that will use a t test for dependent means with p 6 .05?Predicted Effect Size Tails(a) Small Two(b) Medium One(c) Large Two
22. What is the power of each of the following studies, using a t test for dependent means (based on the .05 significance level)?Effect Size N Tails(a) Small 50 Two(b) Medium 50 Two(c) Large 50 Two(d) Small 10 Two(e) Small 40 Two(f) Small 100 Two(g) Small 100 One
21. Figure the predicted effect size and indicate whether it is approximately small, medium, or large, for each of the following planned studies:Predicted Mean Change (a) 8 30(b) 8 10(c) 16 30(d) 16 10
20. Five sophomores were given an English achievement test before and after receiving instruction in basic grammar. Their scores are shown below.Student Before After A 20 18 B 18 22 C 17 15 D 16 17 E 12 9 Is it reasonable to conclude that future students would show higher scores after instruction?
19. The amount of oxygen consumption was measured in six individuals over two 10-minute periods while sitting with their eyes closed. During one period, they listened to an exciting adventure story; during the other, they heard restful music.Participant Story Music 1 6.12 5.39 2 7.25 6.72 3 5.70
18. Five people who were convicted of speeding were ordered by the court to attend a workshop. A special device put into their cars kept records of their speeds for two weeks before and after the workshop. The maximum speeds for each person during the two weeks before and the two weeks after the
17. Four individuals with high levels of cholesterol went on a special crash diet, avoiding high-cholesterol foods and taking special supplements. Their total cholesterol levels before and after the diet were as follows:Participant Before After J. K. 287 255 L. M. M 305 269 A. K. 243 245 R. O. S.
16. For each of the following studies using difference scores, test the significance using a t test for dependent means.
15. In a particular country, it is known that college seniors report falling in love an average of 2.20 times during their college years. A sample of five seniors, originally from that country but who have spent their entire college career in the United States, were asked how many times they had
14. Evolutionary theories often emphasize that humans have adapted to their physical environment. One such theory hypothesizes that people should spontaneously follow a 24-hour cycle of sleeping and waking—even if they are not exposed to the usual pattern of sunlight. To test this notion, eight
13. In each of the following studies, a single sample’s mean is being compared to a population with a known mean but an unknown variance. For each study, decide whether the result is significant.
12. A study was done of personality characteristics of 100 students who were tested at the beginning and end of their first year of college. The researchers reported the results in the following table:(a) Focusing on the difference scores, figure the t values for each personality scale. (Assume
11. A psychologist conducts a study of perceptual illusions under two different lighting conditions. Twenty participants were each tested under both of the two different conditions. The experimenter reported: “The mean number of effective illusions was 6.72 under the bright conditions and 6.85
9. About how many participants are needed for 80% power in each of the following planned studies that will use a t test for dependent means with p 6 .05?
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