Hypotheses.
a. What was Dr. Arbuthnot€™s research hypothesis?
b. Let Ï€ be Arbuthnot€™s parameter. Tell in words what Ï€ refers to.
c. State in words, and then in symbols, what Dr. Arbuthnot€™s null hypothesis was.
d. Was Arbuthnot€™s alternative hypothesis one-sided or two-sided? Give your reasoning. 

Dr. John Arbuthnot (1667€“1735) was physician to England€™s Queen Anne. He was also one of the first scientists to publish a use of p-values and to apply the logic of statistical inference.1 His goal was to prove the existence of God, and he took as evidence the fact that for 82 years in a row male christenings had outnumbered female christenings. His argument: Th e p-value is so extremely tiny that the extra male births cannot be due to chance. 

Therefore the excess males must be due to €œDivine Providence.€ Here is a summary of his data:

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Number of male christenings: Number of female christenings: Total number of christenings: Proportion of males: 484,382 453,841 938,223 0.516276