Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:

Near the end of the Middle Ages, a few theologians (the “scientists” of that time) persuaded a king of France to give them permission for an experiment that had been forbidden by the Roman Catholic Church. They were allowed to weigh the soul of a criminal by measuring him both before and after his hanging. As usually happens with academics, they came up with a definite result: the soul weighed about an ounce and a half.
—John Lukacs, “Atom Smasher Is Super Nonsense,”
The New York Times, 17 June 1993