For each numbered statement that is not a premise in each of the formal proofs that follow,

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For each numbered statement that is not a premise in each of the formal proofs that follow, state the rule of inference that justifies it.


1. (D ⋅ E) ⊃ ~ F
2. F ꓦ (G ⋅ H)
3. D ≡ E
∴ D ⊃ G
4. (D ⊃ E) ⋅ (E⊃ D)
5. D ⊃ E
6. D ⊃ (D ⋅ E)
7. D ⊃ ~ F
8. (F ꓦ G) ⋅ (F ꓦ H)
9. F ꓦ G
10. ~~ F ꓦ G
11. ~ F ⊃ G
12. D ⊃ G

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Introduction To Logic

ISBN: 9781138500860

15th Edition

Authors: Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych

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