Refer to the scenario described in Exercise 7.45. 

a. State the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis for a two-tailed test in both words and symbols. 

b. One of our students hypothesized that the spread would be bigger among the FCS teams because “some of them are really bad and would get crushed.” State the one-tailed null hypothesis and research hypothesis, based on our student’s prediction, in both words and symbols. 

c. Conduct steps 3 through 6 of hypothesis testing. (You already conducted step 1 in Exercise 7.45, and step 2 above.) Remember, the population mean is 16.189, with a standard deviation of 12.128. The results for the four FCS Patriot League games are as follows: Holy Cross, 27/Bucknell, 10 Lehigh, 23/Colgate, 15 Lafayette, 31/Fordham, 24 Georgetown, 24/Marist, 21 

d. Would you be willing to generalize these findings beyond the sample? Explain.