For each of the following independent scenarios and items, indicate whether the activity described is:

VA: Primarily value-added and efficient

NVA: Primarily non–value-added (If NVA, indicate how these costs could be avoided)

a. Storing and moving extra inventory in a warehouse

b. Inspecting defective products

c. Preparing a report that identifies quality problems and suggested improvements

d. Selling and delivering the product

e. Recalling automobiles for steering column problems

f. Hiring more employees to answer customer complaints

g. Expediting orders

h. Training, including ethics and sustainability