In a study of the effects of testing on enhancing memory, Akan and colleagues (2018) performed an a priori power analysis to determine the sample size they would need to detect a small to medium-sized effect (d = 0.40) with 80% power and an alpha level of .05. Their analysis indicated that they would need 52 participants. 

a. Why did Akan and colleagues power their study to find an effect of size d = 0.40?

b. What would happen to the power of the study if the real effect size that Akan and colleagues were studying was smaller than d = 0.40?

c. What would be the easiest way for Akan and colleagues to increase their power without increasing their chances of making a Type I error?