Question: Test Scores. Consider the following table comparing the grade point averages (GPAs) and mathematics SAT scores of high school students in 1988 and 1998 (before

Test Scores. Consider the following table comparing the grade point averages (GPAs) and mathematics SAT scores of high school students in 1988 and 1998 (before the SAT test format was revised).

% students SAT score GPA 1988 1998 1988 1998 Change A+ 4

a. In general terms, how did the SAT scores of the students in the five grade categories change between 1988 and 1998?

b. How did the overall average SAT score change between 1988 and 1998?

c. How is this an example of Simpson’s paradox?

% students SAT score GPA 1988 1998 1988 1998 Change A+ 4 7 632 629 -3 AAB A 11 15 586 582 13 16 556 554 -2 53 48 490 487 C 19 14 431 428 Overall average 504 514 +10 Source: Cited in Chance, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1999, from data in New York Times, September 2, 1999.

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