A 2017 study estimates that New York City traffic, particularly in Lower Manhattan, traffic crawls at less than 5 miles per hour, down 28% from five years ago. Faced with this alarming traffic congestion, the city is implementing two programs in highly-congested selected areas (e.g., Lower Manhattan) that it hopes will alleviate the problem: 

(1) Pricing proposal areas during weekday business hours that charges $2 to $5 for taxis, $11.52 for cars, and $25.43 for trucks. Congestion pricing acts as a disincentive to drivers and has been implemented with notable success in London, Stockholm, and Singapore since the 1970s. 

(2) Voluntary shift of business deliveries from normal business hours to 7:00 P.M.–6:00 A.M. off-hours when traffic is light and ample parking is available. Assess the two proposals from the standpoint of improving traffic congestion.