For microwave radiation propagating vertically through the Earths atmosphere, the delay to a pulse as a result
Question:
(i) Explain why the dry atmosphere delay can be expressed per atmosphere while the water vapour delay is expressed per meter of precipitable water.
(ii) Showthat a pulse of microwave radiation with a carrier frequency f will be delayed by its passage through the ionosphere by a time equivalent to a free-space distance of
where e and me are respectively the charge and mass of the electron,Nt is the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere and e0 is the permittivity of free space.
(iii) A dual-frequency satellite radar altimeter measures the range to the Earths surface at 3.2 GHz and 13.6 GHz. After averaging, the travel times of the pulses are found to be equivalent to free-space ranges of 793 125.20 ± 0.10 m at 3.2 GHz and 793 123.35 ± 0.05 m at 13.6 GHz. The atmospheric pressure at the Earths surface is 0.970 atmospheres and the water vapour content is 0.15 m of precipitable water. Calculate the true range to the surface and its uncertainty. Also calculate the TEC and its uncertainty.
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