5:05 :)) Case Study 4: Attempt 1 Students, Read the following case study and answer the questions being posed in a two-page single space paper. Provide references where applicable. This paper needs to be in 12-point font in New Times Roman font. This assignment is due on 3/29/2020 at 10:00PM CST. 5:02 E Case Study COBE Part 1.pdf NASA Academy of Program/Project & Engineering Leadership Redesigning the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) casestudy How did the need them deletishwe metter when. COBEren we like we types of all the wieder many ding.com Scotieved to be The NASA for COBE.com d artment Tarar TNAI Difer Microwear Moth lige of the Absolue Spectrometer RAS compare the promote hand with the all clothetic raditional hug 5:02 Case Study COBE Part 1.pdf ... 2 of 5 REDESIGNING CORE In the Beginning How did the universe begin? Humans have asked the question for milions lote modern age, scientists have focused on determining the physical origins of the verse The designers of the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite proposed to provide hard evidence to support some longstanding hypotheses about the nature of the early universe. COBE's instruments were built to measure two types of radiation--diffuse infrared and microwave radiation that many physicists, including COBE Project Scientist John Mather, believed to be artifacts of the Big Bang. the moment when the universe burst into existence. The proposal that NASA approved called for COBE to carry three instruments: a Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) to search for cosmic infrared background radiation, a Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) to search for fluctuations in the brightness of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, and a Fat Infirared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) to compare the spectrum of the comic microwave background radiation with a precise blackbody. (A blackhody is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that reaches it, none passes through it and none is reflected) Designing these instruments and a spacecraft that could provide the proper operating conditions to gather reliable measurements would prove extremely complex NASA established COBE at Goddard Space Flight Centet as an in-home project meaning that the engineering work was done by civil servants rather than contractors "We did not feel there was any way to write a contract to do what these instruments had to do," said Mather. The opportunity to work on important science in a hunde environment made COBE an attractive project for new NASA employees. "We were a training programe, we helped to recruit bright young people. A Shuttle Launch As initially propored in the mid-1970, COBE was to be launched into space by a Delta rocket, an expendable launch vehicle meaning it could only be used once. Before the spacecraft was designed, however, NASA adopted the Space Shuttle as its standard lunch vehicle Shuttle supporters pinned great hopes on the Shuttle serving as a largely reusable vehicle that would fly monthly, leading to cost savings for the agency or time Is payload bay could accommodate large satellites and up to 20 of Senior management at NASA moved the agency's science missions, including COBE. to the Shuttle schedule. It was not a perfect launch vehicle for all mission could not In addition to penal interviews contacted in 2005 and 2007, ceka John Mathers cost of the COBE pret Seco Murther and on the First London Penguin Books, 1998 freina CYBEinthe 5:02 - Case Study COBE Part 1.pdf ... 3 of 5 for instance, insen COBE directly into the orbit that its experiments required-battabo offered capabilities that a Delta or Atlas rockat did not COBE was slated to launch on the Shuttle in 1989 from Vandenberg Air Force Base The Shuttle would place the satellite at an altitude of 300 kilometers and an on-board propulsion system would then raise it to a circular 900 kilometer sub-synchronous arbit Fighting the Matrix By the time Deputy Project Manager Dennis McCarthy joined Project Manager Roger Mattson's team in 1983, the scheduled launch was a full six years away. There was little question in McCarthy's mind that the science team would need that much time, if not longer. The instruments were all based on new technology, there was no para they would perform as expected, and they were already behind schedule While COBE was an in-house project that could hypothetically draw on Goddard's significant resources, it was treated as a low priority by branch managers in the comer's various engineering divisions, who would pull their most talented people from COBE whenever a need arose elsewhere. This matrix management system, which gave authority to the branch manager, gave the project the sense that it never really controlled its personnel. As Mather put it. If you're fighting the matrix, there's no way to win As a result, McCarthy found that his team members kept disappearing at me notice. "They (Goddard senior managers) would use it as a pool of ress-they would take people off COBE and use them on the latest crisis." McCarthy said So we couldn't manage the budget or the schedule very well." Grounded In spite of the unwelcome demands on his resources, the team that Matt and McCarthy managed made significant progress. By the beginning of 1986, the COBE spacecraft was all but complete and proceeding smoothly toward its planned launch the Shuttle. The instruments were not ready they would be the last piece of the puzzle but the other elements had fallen into place as expected. The project comhad built a wooden mockup of the Shuttle and completed most of the clectrical hamess and electronics that would power and monitor the spacecraft and its instruments The loss of the Space Shuttle Challen 13 seconds afterliftoff on January 28, 1956 changed everything Challenger was a tragedy for the nation as well as for NASA For the agency, the implications were vast. Above all, the loss of the seven perence unspeakably painful. The accident led to the immediate grounding of the Sunde fleet A Mather natal in The Very For Light, the more to the embed CORE mere advanced technology for Differential Microwave Radiomes that would be home the same hal been dogoditially for a cha rocket See The Very Fin Lopp. 113 and the establishment of an independent commission to study the accident and make recommendations The Sh in This hand dramatic 5:02 - Case Study COBE Part 1.pdf ... 4 of 5 and the establishment of an independent commission to study the accident and make recommendations. The Shuttle program's future was far from certain. This had dramatic consequences across NASA and not just for its human space flight program. The Shule was NASA's primary means of delivering payloads to space-the agency had supped relying on expendable launch vehicles such as Delta o Atlas sockets and as a result the supply of alomatives had dwindled The morning after the accident, the COBE team was forced back to the drawing board. "We were abandoned," said McCarthy. This was the worst possible thing that could happen." McCarthy called a meeting of everyone involved with the project. "I pulled cerybody together, and we decided to keep going. My job was to get this into space, whatever the A Drawing on a Napkin The team spent the spring looking at every possible launch chicle in the world. On the wall of the project management office, Mattson and McCarthy posted a competensive matrix of all the possible launch vehicles in the world that might be suitable for COBE "We found that an Ariane or Proton could've launched COBE it was currently designed about 14 feet across and 12,000 pounds. We could launch fr French Guyana and put it in the exact same orbit as the Shuttle would from California McCarthy He went on an unauthorized trip to meet with the Ariane team in Washington. The Ariane offered a solution that would not require a change in the spacecraft design, but it was far from deal. The politics of using a French Launch vehicle for one of NASA'Stop science missions were prohibitive. Within weeks of mentioning the Ariane to colleagues McCarthy received a phone call from an official at NASA Headquarters instructing him to drop the idea After months of careful analysis and consideration, inspiration struck. While driving home one night, McCarthy found himself asking COBE could be folded up to fitona Deltarocket. After all, he thought, the project had been proposed on a Dela He sketched the folded spacecraft on a napkin, and realized that his idea was a possibility: 1 knew physically we could do it." In the meantime, the Icam kept looking at all options. In curly summer, McCarthy had a meeting with Goddard Center Director Noel Hinners Dennis could this fit coa Delta Hinners asked "As a matter of fact, it can," McCarthy said For a more complete account of this controversy. The viens Fort Light, p. 24 5:02 - Case Study COBE Part 1.pdf .. 5 of 5 While Mattson was on vacation in August, McCarthy faced the sanic question at NASA Headquarters from Sam Keller, Deputy Associate Administrator in the Office of Space Science and Applications. It was no secret to McCarthy that NASA's leadership cager to see a successful, high-profile science mission fill the void that the agency faced since Challenge had grounded the science program Keller asked McCarthy if he could deliver a COBE spacecraft that would it on a Delta taunch vehicle in 24 months McCarthy asked for 36 months. They settled on 29 months. A launch date was later for February 1989. There was no time to waste Skunkworks McCarthy returned to Goddard to discuss this effort with Noel Hinners. He and Main would need control of their project team and access to every resource Goddard could offer. Hinners gave him the green light to do what he nooded to do "The only way we were going to be able to do it fast was if we had control over the employees. That's the polden rule." McCarthy said. "The line organizations did not like this McCarthy and Mattson set up a "skunkworks."an deganizational concept based on the legendary success of the Lockheed team that built the XP-30 fighter in record time during World War II Project engineers and scientists would work elbow to dow in a bullpen without cubicles until the job got done. The project management office became the war room." McCarthy taped a master project schedule to the wall with names of individuals responsible for all the elements of the schedule. Td say paychologically that made a big difference. McCarthy said They needed top talent and with thinners's blessing they brought in three of the best mechanical electrical, and Delta launch vehicle engineers at Goddard. "There were a lot of young engineers on this program because they had to work a lot of hous" McCarthy said, "But the key was to have these three senior engineers reviewing everything daily, and that assured that the project design would work. That made a difference. These three veterans stayed with the project for the next 36 months McCarthy also got help from Center management in streamlining the procurement process. Hinners authorized a green piece of paper with a skunk on top of it and anything we wanted procured went on this sheet. Merthy said Goddard managed to track down the last Deltarocket ever manufactured. It was not pretty sight it was comoded in spots, and its aluminum skin was covered with patches leading to gallows humor among the engineers about its shoddy appearance. But it was a launch vehicle nonetheless. * For more about the galskumkworks clientatistiadies tamil The Pury First Light 912 5:02 Case Study COBE Part 2 - Rest of th... 1 of 5 A Crash Diet Every time of COBE had to be recomidered from herwis solar pancis would del to how the instruments would be affected by the view they would come the new lanca vehicle. The first and most obvious challenge was reducing the size of the acerat Inits Shuttle configuration, it weighed 10.959 pound The Deal could caly Imuch 5.025 pounds. The spacecraft's launch diameter also had to be suced from 15 feet to 8 feet. The goal was to achieve these reductions without change the scimet instrument One piece of are on the spacecraft that could not be altered was the decat Thermos bottle that would be filled with liquid helium and cooled to a temperature of almost absolute zero. (See Figure 1) This cooling proces tranormed the perfluidate it could serve as a completely uniform thermal conduct. The dewer was critical to the operation of the Far Infrared Ahle Spectrophone (FIRAS) and the Diffuse Infrated Background Experiment (DIRBEN The Coldweg posted bet4 Kelvin environment and Spectrome RAS and The dewa weighed 1.436 pounds, and was considered somitive that it was transported across country thom manufacturer Ball Aerospace facility in Denver to Goddard es truck in a suspended container equipped with shock-detection into the s-forces that it encountered on the cross-country journey A lot of the mass of the COBE system on the Shuttle was in support tractatus not needed on the Delta. The first dations in weight come from mapping the propulsion system, which was no longer necessary since the Deltacooldt COBE directly into the proper orbe. The propulsion system counted for 200 pm The system was sold to the Department of Defense Since the diameter of the haldheid 5:02 Case Study COBE Part 2 - Rest of th... 2 of 5 A lot of the mass of the COBE system on the Shuttle was in support structure was not needed on the Dele. The first reductions in weight came from scrapping the propulsion system, which was no longer necessary since the Deltaco COBE directly into the proper hit. The propulsionem accounted for 2.060 pm The system was sold to the Department of Defense Since the diameter of the secret was being reduced by nowy all the male and lighter structure enabled a reduction of 3.00 pounds. A smaller clectrical sinuller solar panels saved aditional weight The only change to the instrument was the positioning of the Differentie Radiometer (DMR which was mounted directly on top of the dewa The new spacerat weighed 4.6 p. The combat cowy 766 leaving a 197.peund margin.md trimmed its dimensions so that it would of the Deltarocket Ticking Check Beyond the reduction in size, the redesign posed numeroase challenges. There we myriad problems with electrical interference among the instruments, which we packed much more closely together than in the earlier configuration. The electrical harness played a part in this as well Testing also revealed that the video from the Delta might cause damage to the DIRBE tment Solutions and to be found for these and scores of other critical issues if COBE was to yold the sidedah John Mather and his colleagues and spent more than a decade preparing to collect The project maxime its time by using the wooden Shutte med up to the spacecraft's various electronic component boxes as they were completed. This at the integration and test process moving during construction of the new structen electrical homes for the Delta, thus avoiding costly delays "We would bring the back boxes after they were done on the Shuttle mockup, and put them on the Desce McCarthy said. "Everything was done in parallel." The skunkwork's approach paid dividend as the staff worked seven-day was in the around the clock shifts. The project team Goddard ballooned from a confine dozen employees when the redes began to nearly 300 at the peak of activity in 1958 At some point it dawned on McCarthy and Mastetut they didn't need for "Because of the fact that we were all co-located together a Best of the work was dome the hallways over coffee, during lunch." McCarthy and "The entista, the engineen and the designers were all other, and just by slation we didn't needs meeting. We had them ce a month, but they were really necessary In September 1983, cryogenics experts filled the dewar with liquid helium and began the process of cooling it to a temperature approaching blue, which take weeks. Even after it had been cooled, maintaining its temperature Above all, nohadly wanted a fast-minute surprise that would requiremeng the dar it would take just as long to work the process in reverse The sche 5:02 Case Study COBE Part 2 - Rest of th... process of cooling it to a temperature approaching house, which mal 3 of 5 weeks. Even after it had been cooled maintaining its temperature waste Above all, nobody wanted a minute surprise that would require repeting the would take just as long to work the process in tevene The schedule began to slip, and the ballooning staff mount costs were really roaching St million per month. The pressure was on from NASA Headquarter Congress had been told that COBE would launch by May 1989 Endgame COBE was not really by the spring of 1989, but it was cleme. It had passed the Bests designed to ensure that could withstand the rigos of spaceflight and the pocenion it would encounter Althering of a nie mechanical the spacecrati and its instruments were then to be tested in a horizontal position to simulate mission condition up to the point, all the tests had been conducted with the pacecraft vertically upright on the shop floor The text revealed showstopper the FIRAS ment did not operater from the horizontal position. The dewat would have to be reopened, requiring disewa it first. This was considered soch a major undertaking that the COBE to opet permission from NASA Headquarters before it could open the dewa to fix the instrument. The repair was successfully carried out in July. It then took sal wees Refill the dwar with liquid hela and cool it down to bolo Once COBE had completed the formal flight hardware qualification process, there was ne final test that experts unged MicCarthy to perform Technicians placed the water in RF radiofrequency cleanroom--a shielded when it would any radio dramous signatured on the electronics, and left it for 2 wek We were encouraged to do this so the scientists would understand all the characteristics of the satellite, because what they were trying to measures in the masurements had to be so accurate that they needed to understand with certy that their measurements reflected what they intended to meat, et noise from the satellite" McCarthy. This gave the scientists the opportunity to the idiosyncrasies of the satellite The instruments passed the text without a bitch. After a la mine fix to the acces Earth scatters, which were designed to ensure that the permite proper orientation with the Earth, the pocecraft was already Three years after Dennis McCarthy had met with Noel Hinnen und Sam Keller to disco his napkin drawing.COHE was set for lunch 5:02 + Case Study COBE Part 2 - Rest of th... Dennis McCurdy had met with No Hinners and Sam Killer 4 of 5 ving, COBE set for laundle COBE lilled offcfly from Vandenberg Air Force Base on November 1999 The science data collected would make hiy,coming Project Scientiso Mather and DMR Principal Investigator George Smeet a shared Nobel Prize for Physician 2006