Questions 9-12 refer to the following passage.

The author uses the quotation from Remembrance of Things Past in order to

a. Illustrate how Proust’s concept of involuntary memory

b. Exemplify an assertion regarding the narrator’s relationship to his homeland, which the author mentions in the preceding sentence

c. Mark a turning point in the passage in which the author switches from describing life in France to exploring Proust’s representation of it

d. Bolster Proust’s disdain for reliance on personal memories when returning to the locales of childhood

e. Dissuade the reader from accepting Proust’s characterizations of voluntary memory

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Many scholars consider Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927) a significant literary achievement. For instance, Harold Bloom states that it is "widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century." In addition to noting its length-it spans seven volumes and 3,200 pages-many commentaries have focused on Proust's treatment of two kinds of memory, involuntary and voluntary. Involuntary (10) memory occurs through the stimulation of the senses, while voluntary memory is a deliberate effort to remember the past. For Proust, involun- tary memories are superior because they contain the spirit of the past in a way that voluntary (15) memories do not; the former are more vivid, and they have the power to erase the temporal distance between the present moment and past experiences. More recently, scholars such as André Benhaïm have explored the relationship (20) between Proust's treatment of memory and his representation of France and French culture. According to Benhaïm, memory functions within this text to reconfigure both. Line (5)