S tate whether True or False:

a. E stimating costs in construction projects is a very complex process due to the inherent interactions and interdependence involved and the absence of standard norms.

b. N umber of occupants is the basis for preparing preliminary estimate of a building project.

c. T he preliminary estimate of roads and highway projects is prepared based on per-kilometre basis and nature of classification of the road.

d. F or irrigation projects, the preliminary estimates are prepared based on the length involved.

e. T he preliminary estimate of bridges and culverts is prepared on the basis of the span of structure.

f. T he preliminary estimate for sewage and water supply projects is on the basis of per head of population.

g. T he preliminary estimate of overhead water-tank project is prepared on the basis of capacity of tank.

h. M ethods for preparing preliminary estimate of industrial structures are—plinth area method, cube area estimate and approximate quantity method estimate.

i. M ethods for preparing preliminary estimate of buildings are—ratio method, investment per annual t capacity, turnover ratio and capital ratio, and six-tenth factor.