$2.$ Question $2$:

$*$Layer $1$:$*$ Considering the environmental concerns associated with the extraction and refining of petroleum, what are the ethical considerations for countries heavily dependent on oil revenue, especially in terms of environmental degradation and climate change?

$*$Layer $2$:$*$ Furthermore, delve into the ethical responsibilities of multinational oil companies operating in regions with fragile ecosystems and indigenous populations, exploring concepts such as corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.