27 Paragraph Styles Electrochemical Gradient Equilibrium Potential Problems Here are several practice examples for you to better understand how the electrochemical gre dictates the direction a given ion will move (1.e. directionality of flux). Example #1: Lit (cation) Internal concentration of Lithium ions = 8 mm External concentration of Lithium ions = 115 mm Equilibrium potential of Lithium (Eu) = +71 mV 1a. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a membrane potential (Vm) of +71 16. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a Vm of +100 mV. 1c. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a Vm of +20 mv. 1d. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a Vm of -25 mv. Example #2: Fr* (cation) Internal = 99 mm External = 13 mm Err = -54 mv 2a. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a Vm of -54 mv. 25. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a V.mof -80 mV. 2c. Describe the chemical and electrical driving forces at a Vm of -10 mv