5: Apollo 13: A scope change in space MGT4202: Project Risk Management Lunar module: has oxygen for 2 people. Typically left on the moon Command module, only way to return to Earth. Oxygen leaking out from this module. Three men stranded here. Service module: hold fuel and air tanks. Usually discarded in space. Figure 1The three modules of Apollo 13: the service module is rendered defective on the way to a moon landing Apollo 13 was NASA's third moon-landing mission, but the astronauts never made it to the lunar surface. An oxygen tank explosion almost 56 hours into the flight forced the crew to abandon all thoughts of reaching the moon. The spacecraft was damaged, but the crew were able to seek cramped shelter in the lunar module for the trip back to Earth, before returning to the command module for an uncomfortable splashdown. On Monday 10 pm Eastern, April 13 1970, aboard Apollo 13, 80% on his way to the moon, a major risk triggered on board the spacecraft. Captain James Lovell radioed, "Houston, we've had a problem". During a scheduled operation, a fire had started in the one of the two frozen oxygen tanks. The fire started a blaze in the second oxygen tank. At the same time, the fuel cells powering the space craft also shut down. Houston decided to abort the moon landing to prevent the threat of asphyxiation (death or loss of consciousness, due to lack of oxygen). As Lovell peered out the window and saw oxygen escaping into the black void, he knew his moon landing was also slipping away. He knew that the project scope had to change: "Not landing on the moon or dying in space are two different things," Lovell explained, "and so we forgot about landing on the moon. This was one of survival. How do we get home?" In order to return to Earth, the spacecraft dove towards the moon and used the moon's gravity like a sling in an attempt to save what little fuel there was on-board. The spacecraft was then injected into a path towards Earth. As flight director Gene Kranz and his team in Houston raced to come up with a rescue plan, the astronauts kept their cool. It was Lovell's fourth space flight - his second to the moon - and the first and only one for Haise and Swigert. Dark thoughts "always raced through our minds, but silently. We didn't talk about that," Lovell said. Added Haise: "We never hit the point where there was nothing left to do. So, no, we never got to a point where we said, 'Well, we're going to die.'" In order to save fuel for the return to Earth, Houston told the astronauts to shut off every electrical device except the few that are absolutely essential. The crew quickly found that this created unneeded carbon dioxide (CO2) and water condensation in the vehicle. After a day and a half in the lunar module, a warning light goes off showing dangerous levels of carbon dioxide. The crew marooned in space could use the CO2filter canisters used to remove carbon dioxide from the command module, but there was one problem: The command module used square canisters, while the lunar module used round ones. Although the White House was preparing for a sombre announcement of a deaths in space, Gene Krantz told his team "I have never lost an American in space, sure as hell aren't going to lose one now. This crew is coming home. You got to believe it. Your team must believe it. And we must make it happen.". The trust was contagious. Houston gathered a few subject matter experts to rig up a makeshift system using only materials available on the craft, like plastic bags, cardboard, and tape, to scrub (filter out) the excessive carbon dioxide (see figure 2). Square filter canister duct taped into round hose to lunar module Figure 2 Experiments in Houston to simulate a possible solution to keep the crew alive Communication was kept to a minimum. With the heating cut off, temperature had dropped to 4C and ice was forming on the walls and windows. One of the astronauts had developed flu-like symptoms and his health was rapidly deteriorating: little could be done to prevent this from infecting the others. Houston and the three crew members used as little fuel as possible mainly to point the crippled craft at Earth. Once Earth's gravity captured the return craft, they ejected the other modules to prevent a conflagration at re-entry as only the command module was protected by heat shields. Apollo 13s astronauts never gave a thought to their mission number as they blasted off for the moon 50 years ago. Even when their oxygen tank ruptured two days later on April 13. The astronauts insist they are not superstitious. On April 2020, Nasa celebrated the 50th anniversary of Apollo 13. It is still considered Mission Control's finest hour; in fact, it is known as Nasa's most successful failure. Material Business Insider, NASA, space.com, NZ Herald and other sources Photographs NASA, 2 | Page Make a assignment on that case study and attached with excel sheet:- Project Name Client Project Location Project Manager Date ??? ??? Risk ID Risk Statement Risk Category Related Risks Impact Description ??? ??? Probability Impact Risk Level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Top 3 Risks 3 Most Urgent Risks 1 1 2 2 3 3