A low$-$cost advantage over rivals can be achieved by

Question $18$

Next$->$

offering a limited number of models and styles, keeping R&D expenses to a minimum, avoiding debt $($so as to minimize interest costs$),$ spending minimally on advertising and promotion activities, and developing state$-$of$-$the$-$art cost drivers.

$$ offering a frills$-$free product and achieving the lowest possible costs per unit sold.

$$ concentrating on efficient performance of primary value chain activities and outsourcing all support activities.

$$ performing value chain activities more cost$-$effectively than rivals and revamping the firm's overall value chain to eliminate or bypass some cost$-$producing activities.

$$ paying the lowest wages and salaries in the industry so as to keep labor costs per unit sold low and keeping advertising and other marketing expenses to a bare minimum.