A non-plated, black finish - 13 UNC Grade 2 regular hex head steel bolt and standard N steel washers are used to secure two steel plates as shown. A regular steel hexagonal nut is used under the lower washer to secure the connection. The connection is exposed to a static separating force of 1000 lbf. Determine;

1. The required torque if the connection is to be permanent.
2. The stiffness of the bolt, kb
3. The stiffness of the members, km (using frustra method).
4. The load factors guarding against overloading the bolt, yielding of the bolt and joint separation.