A circular concrete pipe must be sized to carry water from a reservoir of constant elevation to a fruit processing plant that is 500 m away. The water level in the reservoir is 35 meters and gravity will carry the water through the pipe to the plant situated at an elevation of 32 meters.

Assume the design flow is 0.25 m⅝, the equivalent sand roughness of the pipe is 0.0006 m, and the water is at 15°C (kinematic viscosity, v = 1.14 x 10-% m). Assume an inlet loss coefficient

of Cin = 0.5, a valve loss coefficient of Cvalve = 2.0, and a pipe outlet loss of Cout = 1.0.

Determine the following.

1. characteristic PL value
2. pipe diameter (m)
3. mean flow velocity
4. confirm that the correct flow range was used for the calculations using R/ks, Re, and Rew.
5. friction factor
6. the slope of the energy grade line
7. shear stress
8. friction velocity
9. What pipe diameter would you select from the following table of commercially available pipe sizes for your current design?