A pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug, Astrezeema. You have been hired as a...
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A pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug, Astrezeema. You have been hired as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the gas-vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% API and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510 K and 1 atm at a rate of 2.5 L/s. Of the drug fed to the condenser, 90% must be condensed. No physical properties are available for the drug to protect trade secrets as non-disclosure agreement (NDA) discussions are still ongoing. However, as a clever engineer, you are confident you can identify key physical property information from various experiments (detailed below) and samples of pure liquid API provided. You quickly acquire a 2L container with a known heat capacity and built-in heating coil that allows you to deliver a known quantity of heat (in J) to the contents of the container. The container also contains a thermocouple which allows you to measure the temperature of the contents of the sealed container. The pressure within the container is measured with a mercury manometer (units of mmHg). During your initial evaluation of the drug, you performed the following experiments: Experiment 1. You completely filled the testing container with the API liquid mixture, then sealed and weighed the container. Mass of container and liquid mixture = 4.4553 kg Mass of evacuated container = 3.2551 kg Next, starting at two initial temperatures (To), you heated the mixture within the container by adding a known quantity of heat to the liquid. You then recorded the final temperature of the liquid mixture (TF). Trial 1: To,1283 K, Q = 800 J, Tf=285.4 K Trial 2: To,2 330 K, Q = 800 J, Tf = 332.4 K Additional observations indicated that you can assume that the liquid heat capacity may be expressed as a linear function of temperature (i.e. C = aT + b) Experiment 2. The next experiment required pouring a small quantity of the API mixture into a container. The container was then placed in a liquid nitrogen bath to freeze the mixture, evacuate all the air, and sealed the container. The container containing the API mixture was then weighed after it came back to room temperature (only API vapor exists in the container). Mass of container and API mixture = 3.2571 kg Mass of evacuated container = 3.2551 kg The sealed container was then heated until all the liquid evaporated. Once the mixture evaporated, you repeated the heating detailed in experiment 1. The results of heating experiments with vapor API resulted in the following: Trial 1: To,1 = 363 K, Q = 1.3 J, Tf = 366.9 K, P = -500 mmHg Trial 2: T0,2=490 K, Q = 1.3 J, Tf= 492.7 K, P = -408 mmHg Additional observations indicated that the vapor heat capacity may be expressed as a linear function of temperature. (i.e. C = a + b) Experiment 3. The container was half filled (1 L) with the drug. Then, the drug was frozen, the air within the container was evacuated, and sealed. The pressure within the container was then measured at several pressures, verifying that liquid was present within the container at each temperature. Trial 1: T = 315 K, P = -564 mmHg Trial 2: T=334 K, P = -362 mmHg Trial 3: T = 354 K, P = -2 mmHg Trial 4: T 379 K, P = 758 mmHg 1. Based on the results of each experiment, estimate the following physical properties of the drug: liquid specific gravity, molecular weight, linear expressions of heat capacity at constant volume, Cv, for both the liquid and vapor phase of the drug (in J/mol K), linear expression for Cp for both the liquid and vapor phase of the drug (in J/mol K). 2. Derive a Clausius-Clapeyron expression for P*(T) and estimate the boiling point of the liquid (in C). 3. Calculate the rate at which heat must be removed in the condenser (in kJ), assuming the heat capacity of nitrogen is constant at 29 J/mol K. Assume the following properties for Astrezeema: T2=262K Avap = 31300 J/mol Use Table B.8 for N2 -values A pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug, Astrezeema. You have been hired as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) from the gas-vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% API and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510 K and 1 atm at a rate of 2.5 L/s. Of the drug fed to the condenser, 90% must be condensed. No physical properties are available for the drug to protect trade secrets as non-disclosure agreement (NDA) discussions are still ongoing. However, as a clever engineer, you are confident you can identify key physical property information from various experiments (detailed below) and samples of pure liquid API provided. You quickly acquire a 2L container with a known heat capacity and built-in heating coil that allows you to deliver a known quantity of heat (in J) to the contents of the container. The container also contains a thermocouple which allows you to measure the temperature of the contents of the sealed container. The pressure within the container is measured with a mercury manometer (units of mmHg). During your initial evaluation of the drug, you performed the following experiments: Experiment 1. You completely filled the testing container with the API liquid mixture, then sealed and weighed the container. Mass of container and liquid mixture = 4.4553 kg Mass of evacuated container = 3.2551 kg Next, starting at two initial temperatures (To), you heated the mixture within the container by adding a known quantity of heat to the liquid. You then recorded the final temperature of the liquid mixture (TF). Trial 1: To,1283 K, Q = 800 J, Tf=285.4 K Trial 2: To,2 330 K, Q = 800 J, Tf = 332.4 K Additional observations indicated that you can assume that the liquid heat capacity may be expressed as a linear function of temperature (i.e. C = aT + b) Experiment 2. The next experiment required pouring a small quantity of the API mixture into a container. The container was then placed in a liquid nitrogen bath to freeze the mixture, evacuate all the air, and sealed the container. The container containing the API mixture was then weighed after it came back to room temperature (only API vapor exists in the container). Mass of container and API mixture = 3.2571 kg Mass of evacuated container = 3.2551 kg The sealed container was then heated until all the liquid evaporated. Once the mixture evaporated, you repeated the heating detailed in experiment 1. The results of heating experiments with vapor API resulted in the following: Trial 1: To,1 = 363 K, Q = 1.3 J, Tf = 366.9 K, P = -500 mmHg Trial 2: T0,2=490 K, Q = 1.3 J, Tf= 492.7 K, P = -408 mmHg Additional observations indicated that the vapor heat capacity may be expressed as a linear function of temperature. (i.e. C = a + b) Experiment 3. The container was half filled (1 L) with the drug. Then, the drug was frozen, the air within the container was evacuated, and sealed. The pressure within the container was then measured at several pressures, verifying that liquid was present within the container at each temperature. Trial 1: T = 315 K, P = -564 mmHg Trial 2: T=334 K, P = -362 mmHg Trial 3: T = 354 K, P = -2 mmHg Trial 4: T 379 K, P = 758 mmHg 1. Based on the results of each experiment, estimate the following physical properties of the drug: liquid specific gravity, molecular weight, linear expressions of heat capacity at constant volume, Cv, for both the liquid and vapor phase of the drug (in J/mol K), linear expression for Cp for both the liquid and vapor phase of the drug (in J/mol K). 2. Derive a Clausius-Clapeyron expression for P*(T) and estimate the boiling point of the liquid (in C). 3. Calculate the rate at which heat must be removed in the condenser (in kJ), assuming the heat capacity of nitrogen is constant at 29 J/mol K. Assume the following properties for Astrezeema: T2=262K Avap = 31300 J/mol Use Table B.8 for N2 -values
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Related Book For
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes
ISBN: 978-1119498759
4th edition
Authors: Richard M. Felder, ? Ronald W. Rousseau, ? Lisa G. Bullard
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