After extensive job cuts to reduce costs, upper$-$level managers are spending significant amounts of time solving problems in the production units. Lower$-$level managers are resentful that they cannot make decisions for their own units. What recommendation would you make for this firm?

a$.$ Decentralize; give authority to the lower$-$level managers regarding events in their own units.

b$.$ Reorganize; departmentalize around customers instead of products.

c$.$ Centralize; create a department that does nothing but make decisions.

d$.$ Formalize; write explicit job descriptions, rules, and procedures so the upper managers won't have to decide each case individually.