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9/33 counters.pdf outflank the Muslims who blocked the eastern trade routes. colo the Eur trad clin for nen nals ans New Colonialism During the fifteenth century, European colonialism de parted from the patterns of the past. Mediterranean colonies established during the Crusades of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries had relied on native inhabitants to pro duce commodities that could be expropriated by the colo- nizers. These were either aristocratic colonies in which a few warriors occupied castles to dominate the native popu- lation or mercantile colonies built around a trading post for foreign merchants As Europeans ventured into the Atlantic more frequently and expanded their contacts with sub-Saharan Africa, they established new patterns of colonization. In search of fertile lands for agriculture, Castile and Portugal founded colonies in the Canary Islands, the Madeira archipelago, the Azores, and the Cape Verde Islands. The climate of these islands was similar to that of the Mediterranean and invited the cultiva- tion of typical Mediterranean crops, such as grains and indi few ers slay slas sug CON ma SW tio sugar cane, but the islands lacked a native labor force. When Europeans arrived, the Canaries had few inhabitants and the other islands were uninhabited. In response to the labor shortage, two new types of colonies emerged, both of which were later introduced into the Americas. The first new type of colony during this period was the settler colony'. The settler colony derived from the me- dieval, feudal model of government, in which a private per- son obtained a license from a king to seize an island or some part of an island. The king supplied financial support and legal authority for the expedition. In return the settler promised to recognize the king as his lord and occasionally to pay a fee after the settlement was successful. The kings of Castile and Portugal issued such licenses for the exploita tion of Atlantic islands. The actual expeditions to colonize these islands were private enterprises, and adventurers from various parts of Europe vied for a license from any king! who would grant them one. For example, the first European settlement in the Canary Islands was led by a Norman knight, Jean de Bthencourt, who could not obtain suffi- cient support from the king of France and thus switched loyalties to the king of Castile. MyFiles/Downloads/Chapter_10_Reform_Baroque_ Global% ng or usure After the arrival of the Europeans, all the natives of the Canaries, called the Guanches, were killed or died off from European diseases, creating the need for settler families from Europe to till the land and maintain the Castilian claim on the islands. These peasants and artisans, rather than living like islanders and adapting to the native culture, imported their own culture. They brought with them their traditional family structures, customs, language, religion, seeds, livestock, and patterns of cultivation. Wherever set tler colonies were found, whether in the Atlantic islands or the Americas, which the Europeans called the New World, they Europeanized the landscape and remade the lands they cultivated in the image of the Old World. The second new type of colony was the plantation colony. Until the occupation of the Cape Verde Islands in the 1460s, the Atlantic island colonies had relied on European settlers for labor. However, the Cape Verdes at- tracted few immigrants because of the rigors of the tropical climate, and yet the islands seemed especially well-suited for growing the lucrative sugar cane crop. The few perma- nent European colonists there tended to be exiled crimi- nals, and the Cape Verdes became a haven for lawless ruffi- ans who were disinclined to work. Because there was no indigenous population to exploit on the Cape Verdes, the few European colonizers began to look elsewhere for labor- ers and voyaged to the African coast, where they bought slaves who had been captured from inland villages. These! slaves worked as agricultural laborers in the Cape Verdes sugar cane fields. Thus in the Cape Verdes began the tragic conjunction between African slavery and the European de- mand for sugar. When sugar began to replace honey as the sweetener of choice for Europeans, the almost insatiable de mand was supplied by sugar cultivated by slaves in planta- tion colonies, first in the Atlantic islands and later in the West Indies and American mainland. Over the next 300 years, this pattern for plantation colonies was repeated for other valuable agricultural commodities, such as indigo for dyes, coffee, and cotton, which were grown to sell in European markets. The first loop of what would eventually become a global trading circuit was now completed