answer this in 1700 words by reading the given case study. please give good content. paraphrase it too.

Question 1 Using 'A Battle Emerging in Mobile Payments' case study (Schilling, 2017, p67), what do you think will determine which becomes dominant? Using information in the case study and from you own research, and applying appropriate theories and analytical tools that you learnt from MGT 3014 Innovation Management, discuss the forces that are likely to encourage one of the mobile payment systems to emerge as dominant design. Standards Battles and Design Dominance A Battle Emerging in Mobile Payments By 2014, there were 6.6 billion mobile phone subscriptions in the world, and of those, 2.3 billion had active mobile broadband subscriptions that would enable users to access the mobile web." Mobile payment systems offered the potential of enabling all of these users to perform financial transactions on their phones, similar to how they would perform those transactions using personal computers. However, in 2015, there was no dominant mobile payment system, and a battle among competing mobile payment mechanisms and standards was unfolding. In the United States, several large players, including Apple, Samsung, and a joint venture called Softcard between Google, AT\&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless, had developed systems based on Near Field Communication (NFC) chips in smartphones. NFC chips enable communication between a mobile device and a point-of-sale system just by having the devices in close proximity. "The systems being developed by Apple, Samsung, and Softcard transferred the customer's information wirelessly and then used merchant banks and credit card systems such as Visa or MasterCard to complete the transaction. These systems were thus very much like existing ways of using credit cards but enabled completion of the purchase without contact. Other competitors, such as Square (with Square Wallet) and PayPal, did not require a smartphone with an NFC chip but instead used a downloadable application and the Web to transmit a customer's information. Square had gained early fame by offering small, free, credit card readers that could be plugged into the audio jack of a smartphone. These readers enabled vendors that would normally only take cash (street vendors, babysitters, etc.) to accept major credit cards." Square processed $30 billion in payments in 2014, making the company one of the fastest growing tech start-ups in Silicon Valley. Square takes about 2.75 to 3 percent from each transaction it processes but must split that with credit card companies and other financial institutions. In terms of installed base, however, PayPal had the clear advantage, with over 161 million active registered accounts. With PayPal, customers could complete purchases simply by entering their phone numbers and a pin number or use a PayPal-issued magnetic stripe cards linked to their PayPal accounts. Users could opt to link their PayPal accounts to their 67 industry Dynamics of Technological Innovation credit cards or directly to their bank accounts. PayPal also owned a senvice called Venmo that enabled peer-to-peer exchanges with a Facebook-like interface that was growing in popularity as a way to exchange money without carrying cash. Venmo charged a 3 percent fee if the transaction used a major credit card but was free if the consumer used it with a major bank card and debit card. As noted above, some of the systems being developed did not require involvement of the major credit card companies - which potentially meant that billions of dollars in transaction fees might be avoided or captured by a new player. Paypal, and its peer-to-peer system Venmo, for instance, did not require credit cards. A group of large merchants that included Wal-Mart, Old Navy, Best. Buy. 7-eleven, and more had also developed their own payment system-- Current-C - -a downloadable application for a smartphone that enabled purchases to be deducted directly from the customer's bank accounts. This would enable the merchants to avoid the 2-4 percent charges that merchants paid on credit card transactionsamounting to billions of dollars in savings for the participating merchants." For consumers, the key dimensions that influenced adoption were convenience (e.g., would the customer have to type in a code at the point of purchase? Was it easily accessible on a device the individual already owned?). risk of fraud (e.9. Was the individual's identity and financial information at risk?). and ubiquity (e.g. could the system be used everywhere? Did it enable peer-to-peer transactions?). For merchants, fraud was also a big concern-especially in situations where the transaction was not guaranteed by a third party, and cost (e.g.. What were the fixed costs and transaction fees of using the system?). Apple Pay had a significant convenience advantage in that a customer could pay with their fingerprint. Current- C, by contrast had a serious convenience disadvantage because consumers would have to open the application on their phone and get. a QR code that would need to be scanned at the checkout aisle. Both Apple Pay and Current-C had also experienced fraud problems, with multiple reports of hacked accounts emerging by early 2015. In the United States, almost half of all consumers had used their smartphones to make a payment at a merchant location by early 2015 . Mobile payments accounted for $52 billion in transactions in 2014 and were expected to be $67 billion in 2015. In other parts of the world, intriguing alternatives for mobile banking were gaining traction even faster. In India and Africa, for example, there are enormous populations of "unbanked" or "underbanked" people (individuals who do not. have bank accounts or make limited use of banking services). In these regions, the proportion of people with mobile phones vastly exceeds the proportion of people with credit cards. In Africa, for example, less than 3 percent of the population was estimated to have a credit card, whereas 69 percent of the population was estimated to have mobile phones. Notably, the maximum fixed-line phone penetration ever achieved in Africa was 1.6 percent-reached in 2009 -demonstrating the power of mobile technology to "leapfrog". land-based technology in the developing world. The opportunity, then, of giving such people access to fast and inexpensive funds transter is enormous. The leading system in India is the Inter-bank Mobile Payment Service developed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). 9NPCI leveraged its ATM Chapter 4. Standards Battles and Design Dominance 69 Fl Indicator: Account at a formal financial institution (s age 15*) Year 20n No data 016.516.528.5 28.5-50.3 50.3-812 81.299.8 network (connecting more than 65 large banks in India) to create a person-toperson mobile banking system that works on mobile phones. The system uses a unique identifier for each individual that links directly to his or her bank account. In parts of Africa, where the proportion of people who are unbanked is even larger, a system called M-Pesa (" M" for mobile and "pesa," which is kiswahili for money) enables any individual with a passport or national ID card to deposit money into his or her phone account, and transfer money to other users using short message service (SMS). h By 2015, the M-Pesa system had roughly 12.2 million active users. The system enabled the percent of Kenyans with access to banking to rise from 41 percent in 2009 to 67 percent in 2014 .. FIGURE 2 Mohile phone penetration around the world, 20052014 Powarce Jrated Natitat Tritevanana- ainaticas, MCT Regent 20t+ Industry Dynamics of Technological Innovation By early 2015, it was clear that mobile payments represented a game-changing opportunity that could accelerate e-commerce, smartphone adoption, and the global reach of financial services. However, lack of compatibility between many of the mobile payment systems and uncertainty over what type of mobile payment system would become dominant still posed significant obstacles to consumer and merchant adoption. Discussion Questions 1. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of mobile payment systems in (a) developed countries and (b) developing countries? 2. What are the key factors that differentiate the different mobile payment systems? Which factors do consumers care most about? Which factors do merchants care most about? 3. Are there forces that are likely to encourage one of the mobile payment systems to emerge as dominant? If so, what do you think will determine which becomes dominant? 4. Is there anything the mobile payment systems could do to increase the likelihood of them becoming dominant? 5. How do these different mobile systems increase or decrease the power of a) banks, b) credit cards? - United Nations Telecommunications Development Sector, ICT Report, 2014. b J. Kent, "Dominant Mobile Payment Approaches and Leading Mobile Payment Solution Providers: A Review," Journal of Payments Strategy \& Systems 6:4 (2012): 315-324. "Helft, M. "The Death of Cash," Fortune 166:2 (2012): 118-128. "Isaac, M, 2015. "Square expands its reach into small-business services." New York Times, March 8 th. " Isaac, M. 2015. "Square expands its reach into small-business services." New York Times, March 8 th: Pogue, D. 2015. "How mobile payments are failing and credit cards are getting better," in Scientific American, January 20 th. 'Pogue, D. 2015. "How mobile payments are failing and credit cards are getting better," in Scientific American, January 20 th. 9 V. Govindarajan and M. Balakrishnan, "Developing Countries Are Revolutionizing Mobile Banking." Harvard Business Review Blog Network, April 30, 2012. " V. Govindarajan and M. Balakrishnan, "Developing Countries Are Revolutionizing Mobile Banking." Harvard Business Review Blog Network, April 30, 2012. ' McKay, C \& Mazer, R. 2014. "10 Myths about M-PESA: 2014 Update." Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, October 1st