background$9(2$ points$)$What theoretical frameworks underpin civil engineering practices, shaping the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure? Consider the role of structural mechanics, material science, fluid dynamics, and geotechnical engineering in formulating effective solutions for bridges, buildings, dams, and transportation systems. How do principles of sustainability, resilience, and risk management integrate into civil engineering theories, addressing environmental impacts and societal needs? Explore the interdisciplinary nature of civil engineering, encompassing aspects of physics, mathematics, and environmental science. Moreover, analyze the evolving theories in response to technological advancements, changing societal demands, and emerging challenges such as climate change and urbanization.