example$4\mathrm{.}2()$What foundational theories underpin civil engineering practices, shaping the built environment? How do principles of structural mechanics, material science, and fluid dynamics influence design and construction? Can you discuss the theoretical frameworks governing soil mechanics and foundation engineering? Moreover, how do theories of transportation engineering guide infrastructure planning and optimization? Addressing these theoretical bases elucidates the understanding of load$-$bearing structures, optimal material usage, and sustainable construction methodologies. Additionally, exploring the theoretical underpinnings of civil engineering provides insights into addressing societal needs, ensuring safety, and advancing technological innovation in infrastructure development.