Based on the VRIO framework, a resource can be considered a source of competitive advantage if it

a$.$ is kept as a trade secret rather than as a patent.

b$.$ is rare, valuable, difficult to imitate, and organized or managed by the company.

c$.$ increases the cost of producing the product and, therefore, the price charged to customers.

d$.$ is shared by most companies in an industry.

e$.$ is the foundation of a company's strategic plan.