. Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses.

3,180,43,2,191,88,190,14,181,44,186,253

a. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with 16 one-word blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty.

Given Cache Data Size 32 Kilo Bytes and Cache Block Size is 2 words. Calculate the total number of bits required, assuming a 32-bit address. Given that total size, find the total size of the closest direct-mapped cache with 16-word blocks of equal size or greater. Explain why the second cache, despite its larger data size, might provide slower performance than the first cache.